Ketogenic Diet in the Treatment of Gliomas and Glioblastomas

In recent years, scientific interest in the use of the ketogenic diet (KD) as a complementary approach to the standard cancer therapy has grown, in particular against those of the central nervous system (CNS). In metabolic terms, there are the following differences between healthy and neoplastic cells: neoplastic cells divert their metabolism to anaerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect), they alter the normal mitochondrial functioning, and they use mainly certain amino acids for their own metabolic needs, to gain an advantage over healthy cells and to lead to a pro-oncogenetic effect. Several works in literature speculate which are the molecular targets of KD used against cancer. The following different mechanisms of action will be explored in this review: metabolic, inflammatory, oncogenic and oncosuppressive, ROS, and epigenetic modulation. Preclinical and clinical studies on the use of KD in CNS tumors have also increased in recent years. An interesting hypothesis emerged from the studies about the possible use of a ketogenic diet as a combination therapy along with chemotherapy (CT) and radiotherapy (RT) for the treatment of cancer. Currently, however, clinical data are still very limited but encouraging, so we need further studies to definitively validate or disprove the role of KD in fighting against cancer

Eugenia ochracea (Myrtaceae, Myrteae), a new species from Atlantic forest of Espirito Santo, Brazil

A new species of Eugenia sect. Umbellatae (Myrtaceae, Myrteae) from the Atlantic forest of Espirito Santo, Brazil is proposed: Eugenia ochracea. It is most similar to Eugenia crassa and Eugenia barrana, and the presence mainly of floccose indumentum on leaves and lanceolate to linear bracteoles allow us to propose it as new. Comments on its distribution and habitat, conservation assessment, and other morphologically similar species are herein presented713318324CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal e Nível SuperiorCNPQ - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico001304406/2014-7; 310385/2016-

Eugenia hypargyrea Standley, Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb.

32. Eugenia hypargyrea Standley, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 23: 1044 (1924) EOO: 84,739.053 km ². AOO: 24 km ². Evaluation of IUCN: Least Concern. Eugenia hypargyrea has distribution from southeastern Mexico to Costa Rica (WCSP 2020). In Mexico it can be found in the Gulf of Mexico region, in the state of Veracruz and in Chiapas, at 0 to 1,000 m elev. The estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) exceeds the thresholds for a threatened category under the criterion B. The area of occupancy (AOO) would likely exceed the thresholds of any threatened category when the remaining habitat available is taken in account. There are more than 10 known locations based on 24 records in tropical rainforests of the Mesoamerican region. In Mexico there are records of collections in the La Sepultura biosphere reserve, Las Chimalapas and in the Yaxchilán monument in Chiapas, in Veracruz, only in areas of disturbed vegetation. In Costa Rica there are records in the Rincón de la Vieja National Park and in the Santa Rosa National Park. Due to its occurrence within Environmental Protection Reserves, the habitat of this species remains in good condition (CONABIO 2018). According to recent assessment by the BGCI & IUCN (2018), Eugenia hypargyrea is assessed as Least Concern (LC). Specimens examined:— MEXICO. Chiapas: Breedlove 28284 (MEXU!); Veracruz: Dorantes et al. 5068 (MEXU!). Costa Rica: Stevens 13607 (MO).Published as part of Uc Gala, Victor C., Valdemarin, Karinne Sampaio, Lucas, Eve, Negrão, Raquel & Mazine, Fiorella F., 2023, Eugenia (Myrtaceae) from Mexico: checklist, distribution, and conservation assessments, pp. 99-140 in Phytotaxa 583 (2) on page 113, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.583.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/760925

Two new species of eugenia (myrtaceae, myrteae) with fused calyx from the Atlantic coastal forest, Brazil

Two species of Eugenia from the Brazilian Atlantic coastal forest of Bahia and Espirito Santo are here described. Eugenia atlantica is most similar to E. bahiensis from which differs by its leaf blades usually larger, 80-180 x 35-70 mm, and chartaceous, inflorescence mostly axillary, flower buds with hypanthium costate to slightly costate and calyx lobes completely fused or partially fused along two thirds of the bud length. Eugenia soteriana is related with E. zuccarinii but differs mostly by the leaves with two marginal veins, inflorescence fasciculate more often recovering the vegetative growth by an auxotelic axis, bracteoles larger, 2-6 mm long, deciduous after anthesis, and flowers with larger outermost calyx lobes, 1.5-3 mm long. Descriptions, species distribution, habitat, phenology, vernacular names, illustrations, comparisons to other morphologically similar species, and conservation assessments are also provided403299110CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPESFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESP302309/2018-7; 310385/2016-4; 140117/2014-8Sem informação2014/04043-9; 2016/04678-