Quels business models pour les plateformes Web 2.0. : les apports de la théorie des marchés bi-faces.

Le Web 2.0 se caractérise par une évolution des rôles des créateurs professionnels de sites Web et de leurs utilisateurs : le créateur de site Web n'est plus un simple créateur de contenu mais dans la plupart des cas un gestionnaire de plateforme qui se charge de collecter, de classer, de faire évaluer et de diffuser le contenu et les données d'utilisateurs ou d'autres créateurs de sites. Cet acteur économique émergeant, nommé le gestionnaire de plateforme, doit développer des modèles d'affaire (ou Business Model) prenant en compte l'ambivalence qui fait de l'utilisateur à la fois un consommateur et un créateur de valeur pour la plateforme Web 2.0.. Il semble que cet exercice soit particulièrement délicat. En effet, même des géants comme Facebook, Youtube ou Twitter cherchent encore un Business Model leur assurant la rentabilité. Nous considérons que paradoxalement si le concept de Business Model a vu le jour avec l'essor d'Internet, il ne constitue plus aujourd'hui un outil suffisant pour permettre aux décideurs d'élaborer leur stratégie dans ce nouveau contexte du Web 2.0.. Nous proposons donc de mettre en perspective le concept de Business Model et la théorie économique récente sur les marchés bifaces afin d'éclairer de manière renouvelée la réflexion stratégique des gestionnaires de plateformes Web 2.0.. L'originalité de l'approche consiste à mettre à l'épreuve du terrain le cadre théorique proposé à travers un cas réel de développement d'une plateforme Web 2.0 créée et gérée par le premier co-auteur de cet article. La première partie de l'article élabore un cadre théorique de réflexion stratégique sur les business models des plateformes en intégrant, pour chaque élément du business model (proposition de valeur, ressources et compétences, réseau de valeur, modèle de revenu), les spécificités des marchés bi-faces, et notamment les effets d'externalités de réseau. Dans la partie 2, nous présentons le cas de la plateforme Sportganizer, ainsi que le raisonnement stratégique du créateur pour élaborer un business model innovant. Celui-ci cherche à tirer parti des effets d'externalité de réseau, tout en construisant une proposition de valeur innovante pour la face payeur de son marché, à partir d'une analyse des limites des modèles de financement des plateformes Web basés uniquement sur la publicité produit. Les résultats de cette recherche conduisent à différencier les plateformes Web 2.0 selon qu'elles appliquent une proposition de valeur similaire sur les différentes faces de leur marché ou non. L'intérêt d'une telle distinction est de démontrer aux gestionnaires de plateformes appartenant à la seconde catégorie qu'ils peuvent innover sur chacune des faces de leur marché : tant la face payeur que la face subventionnée. Le cas de Sportganizer, la plateforme étudiée, illustre cette possibilité. D'un point de vue théorique, l'article apporte un renouvellement de la perspective des business models pour les plateformes du Web en intégrant les apports de la théorie des marchés bi-faces. Il suggère en outre que la théorie des marchés bi-faces pourrait intégrer une perspective de la valeur plus sophistiquée que le rapport prix / volume de transactions développé dans la théorie économique, en considérant notamment la valeur sociale d'appartenance à une communauté et la valeur de la connaissance apportée par les internautes sur les plateformes.Business Models ; Plateformes Web 2.0. ; Marché Bi-faces

Regards croisés sur la conceptualisation des situations conflictuelles d'adolescentes et d'éducatrices en contexte de centre de réadaptation

En centre de réadaptation, l’intervention en situation de conflits est un enjeu important. En effet, la présence de comportements perturbateurs et d’agression et l’augmentation de méthodes d’intervention disciplinaires sont des préoccupations dans ce contexte particulier d’intervention. Selon le modèle interactionniste, les comportements des personnes se construisent dans les interactions, ils sont intersubjectifs et interdépendants. Ceci appuie la pertinence de s’intéresser à ce qui se passe entre et pour les personnes impliquées dans une interaction afin de mieux comprendre leurs comportements. Ce projet de mémoire qualitatif vise à explorer la conceptualisation que font trois adolescentes et trois éducatrices des moments de conflits qui prennent place en centre de réadaptation. En utilisant une approche narrative et un cadre théorique participatif et phénoménologique, la recherche analyse la construction des narratifs des jeunes et des éducatrices, les divergences et les similitudes entre leur conceptualisation respective du conflit et le sens général qu’elles leur donnent. Les participantes se sont observées dans leur quotidien et ont décrit trois situations conflictuelles. Par la suite, des entrevues d’explicitation ont été menées auprès de chacune des participantes. En entrevue, ces dernières ont été invitées à décrire les situations conflictuelles choisies. Les résultats mettent en lumière six éléments qui sont tous utilisés et interprétés par les jeunes et par les éducatrices dans leurs descriptions des situations de conflits: 1) les réalités inhérentes au centre de réadaptation; 2) les difficultés psychosociales des jeunes; 3) les limites et les impacts des interventions; 4) l’expression des émotions; 5) le besoin d’espace et 6) la résolution de conflit. Les jeunes et les éducatrices sont constantes dans leurs références à ces éléments pour expliciter les conflits. Or, les résultats illustrent qu’elles interprètent plusieurs éléments de façon différente. De plus, les résultats suggèrent que la façon dont les adolescentes et les éducatrices utilisent et organisent ces éléments dans la construction de leurs narratifs se confrontent, créant des divergences dans le sens qu’elles donnent au conflit. Les résultats de ce projet de recherche permettent de réfléchir au sens qui est donné au conflit autant selon les perspectives des adolescentes que des éducatrices ainsi qu’à l’impact de ces conceptualisations sur l’interaction. Des recommandations pratiques et organisationnelles découlent de ces réflexions.In youth care settings, the presence of disturbing and aggressive behaviors and an increase in the use of disciplinary methods of intervention are major concerns. Interractionist models of analysis suggest that behaviors are part of interactions, they are inter-subjective and inter-dependent. The aim of this qualitative study is to explore adolescents’ and educators’ conceptualization of conflict that takes place in a youth care center. Using a narrative approach and a participatory and phenomenological theoretical framework, this research explored the construction of narratives of youth and educators, the divergences and similarities between their respective conceptualization of conflict and the general meaning given to conflict. We used a two-stage research protocol. Three adolescent girls and three educators were asked to observe themselves in their daily lives and describe three conflictual situations. Subsequent in-depth explanatory interviews were conducted with each of the participants who were asked to describe the selected situations. The results highlight six elements that are used and interpreted by the youth and the educators in their descriptions of conflictual situations: 1) the inherent realities of youth care centers; 2) the psycho-sociological difficulties of the youth; 3) the limitations and impacts of interventions; 4) the expression of emotions; 5) the need for space, and 6) conflict resolution. The adolescents and the educators are consistant in their references to these elements when explaining conflicts, however the results illustrate that they interpret these same elements in different ways. In addition, the results suggest that the way in which adolescents and educators use and organize these elements in the construction of their narratives diverges. This suggests gaps in the meaning that they give to conflict. The results of this research project allow us to reflect on the the way adolescent girls and their educators understand conflict and the impact of these conceptualizations on their interactions. Practical and organizational recommendations are made based on these reflections

Expression of COX-1 and COX-2 in the endometrium of cyclic, pregnant and in a model of pseudopregnant rats and their regulation by sex steroids

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Cyclooxygenases (COXs) are the rate limiting enzymes in the process of prostaglandins (PGs) synthesis, which are critical regulators of a number of reproductive processes, including ovulation, implantation, decidualization and parturition. The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression and regulation of COX-1 and COX-2 and levels of prostaglandins during rat pregnancy, in a model of pseudopregnancy and estrous cycle.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Uteri were collected from the cyclic rats on each day of estrous cycle, after every two days for pregnant (days 2 to 22) and pseudopregnant rats (days 1 to 9). In vitro primary endometrial stromal cells were cultured in the presence of steroid hormones and their respective inhibitors for the possible modulation of COX-1 and COX-2. Endometrial protein extracts were used for western blot analysis and tissue sections were prepared for protein localization using immunofluorescence. Measurements of PGF2alpha and PGE2 metabolites in serum were performed by enzyme immunoassay (EIA).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>COX-1 expression was found to be elevated during implantation and parturition, however, the levels of COX-1 decreased during decidualization periods. COX-2 was detected during early pregnancy from day 2 to 5, increased during decidual regression, and was also expressed at the time of parturition. COX-2 protein expression was found to be increased at estrus phase in cyclic rats. Both enzymes were found to be modulated in the endometrium of pseudopregnant rats, suggesting that they are regulated by 17beta-estradiol and progesterone. A significant increase in PGE2 metabolite levels was observed on day 10, 12 and 14 of pregnancy. However, an increase in PGF2alpha metabolite levels was observed only on day 14. The concentration of both these metabolites changed during pseudopregnancy and maximum levels were observed at day 7. Significant increase in PGE2 metabolite was observed at proestrus phase, on the other hand, PGF2alpha metabolite was significantly increased at proestrus and metestrus phase. COX-2 protein was regulated by 17beta-estradiol in cultured endometrial stromal cells which was blocked in the presence of ICI-182,780.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Taken together, these results suggest that COX-1 and COX-2 could be differentially regulated by steroid hormones and might be the key factors involved in embryo implantation, decidualization, decidua basalis regression and parturition in rats.</p

Rethinking business models for innovation

One of the major challenges confronted by those in charge of technological innovation involves anticipating the value creation model sufficiently early on,in a highly uncertain context both as far as the technology itself is concerned and the potential market. Today, in many industrial sectors, the innovation boundaries have moved towards projects that are more and more exploratory and fuzzy. The simple optimisation of linear processes of the "stage-gate" type is no longer sufficient to build sustainable competitive advantages. The notion of Business Models, when applied to innovation, enables us to describe how a company creates value through innovation, generally within a business ecosystem, and how the value will be distributed between the actors involved. The authors of this book believe that the notions of Business Modelling and value creation are key to all the dimensions of successful innovation, whether technology, marketing, organisational or economically based. Rethinking Business Models for Innovation: this title describes the relationship between thinking, modelling, and also field-testing. The book is based on a series of nine recent cases of innovation involving company managers, often assisted by researchers (the co-authors of each chapter), and how they built and formalised their Business Models and then tested their strategies. After having discovered the variety of the cases, the reader will understand that every innovation situation generates specific questions about Business Models. However, we feel that we can identify three key issues that arise, more or less, in each of these projects. The chapters in this book build on these issues: the identification of sources of value and revenue models (the notion of value creation), the position of the company in the value-network or ecosystem (the sharing of value) and finally the evolution of Business MoDdels over time (the sustainability and the competitiveness of the company). The last chapter goes over all the contributions, exploring the notion of value in the Business Model approach.business model ; innovation ; value ; entrepreneurial project

Optical spectroscopy for real-time neuronavigation during deep brain stimulation surgeries

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: Lessons from entrepreneurial projects

International audienceOne of the major challenges confronted by those in charge of technological innovation involves anticipating the value creation model sufficiently early on,in a highly uncertain context both as far as the technology itself is concerned and the potential market. Today, in many industrial sectors, the innovation boundaries have moved towards projects that are more and more exploratory and fuzzy. The simple optimisation of linear processes of the "stage-gate" type is no longer sufficient to build sustainable competitive advantages. The notion of Business Models, when applied to innovation, enables us to describe how a company creates value through innovation, generally within a business ecosystem, and how the value will be distributed between the actors involved. The authors of this book believe that the notions of Business Modelling and value creation are key to all the dimensions of successful innovation, whether technology, marketing, organisational or economically based. Rethinking Business Models for Innovation: this title describes the relationship between thinking, modelling, and also field-testing. The book is based on a series of nine recent cases of innovation involving company managers, often assisted by researchers (the co-authors of each chapter), and how they built and formalised their Business Models and then tested their strategies. After having discovered the variety of the cases, the reader will understand that every innovation situation generates specific questions about Business Models. However, we feel that we can identify three key issues that arise, more or less, in each of these projects. The chapters in this book build on these issues: the identification of sources of value and revenue models (the notion of value creation), the position of the company in the value-network or ecosystem (the sharing of value) and finally the evolution of Business MoDdels over time (the sustainability and the competitiveness of the company). The last chapter goes over all the contributions, exploring the notion of value in the Business Model approach.L'innovation technologique, qu'elle soit conduite par des start-ups ou par de grandes entreprises, n'est plus une condition suffisante de la création de valeur. Créer de la valeur sur des marchés nouveaux nécessite le plus souvent de repenser l'organisation de l'entreprise, sa façon de faire des affaires, ses partenariats stratégiques, autrement dit, son business model. Cet ouvrage se veut un guide pour les porteurs de projets d'innovation en leur fournissant des outils de compréhension et d'analyse de la dimension stratégique de leur projet. Les études de cas présentées sont le fruit d'une collaboration étroite entre les porteurs de chacun des projets et des chercheurs en management de l'innovation reconnus. Au travers de ces cas, trois grandes problématiques sont abordées : l'identification des sources de valeur chez les clients potentiels, la position que l'entreprise pourra prendre dans son écosystème et enfin l'évolution des business models dans le temps. Sur chacun des cas, le lecteur aura accès à une compréhension fine des problèmes stratégiques posés par l'innovation ainsi que des outils de management mis en œuvre pour aider à réfléchir et à agir. (http://www.rethinkingbusinessmodel.net/

Non-severe hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes: a randomized crossover trial comparing two quantities of oral carbohydrates at different insulin-induced hypoglycemia ranges

AimsNon-severe hypoglycemia (NS-H) is challenging for people living with type 1 diabetes (PWT1D) and often results from relative iatrogenic hyper-insulinemia. Current guidelines recommend a one-size-fits-all approach of 15–20 g of simple carbohydrates (CHO) every 15 min regardless of the triggering conditions of the NS-H event. We aimed to test different amounts of CHO to treat insulin-induced NS-H at various glucose ranges.MethodsThis is a randomized, four-way, crossover study involving PWT1D, testing NS-H treatment outcomes with 16 g vs. 32 g CHO at two plasma glucose (PG) ranges: A: 3.0–3.5 mmol/L and B: &lt;3.0 mmol/L. Across all study arms, participants consumed an additional 16 g of CHO if PG was still &lt;3.0 mmol/L at 15 min and &lt;4.0 mmol/L at 45 min post-initial treatment. Subcutaneous insulin was used in a fasting state to induce NS-H. Participants had frequent venous sampling of PG, insulin, and glucagon levels.ResultsParticipants (n = 32; 56% female participants) had a mean (SD) age of 46.1 (17.1) years, had HbA1c at 54.0 (6.8 mmol/mol) [7.1% (0.9%)], and had a diabetes duration of 27.5 (17.0) years; 56% were insulin pump users. We compared NS-H correction parameters between 16 g and 32 g of CHO for range A, 3.0–3.5 mmol/L (n = 32), and range B, &lt;3.0 mmol/L (n = 29). Change in PG at 15 min for A: 0.1 (0.8) mmol/L vs. 0.6 (0.9) mmol/L, p = 0.02; and for B: 0.8 (0.9) mmol/L vs. 0.8 (1.0) mmol/L, p = 1.0. Percentage of participants with corrected episodes at 15 min: (A) 19% vs. 47%, p = 0.09; (B) 21% vs. 24%, p = 1.0. A second treatment was necessary in (A) 50% vs. 15% of participants, p = 0.001; (B) 45% vs. 34% of participants, p = 0.37. No statistically significant differences in insulin and glucagon parameters were observed.ConclusionsNS-H, in the context of hyper-insulinemia, is difficult to treat in PWT1D. Initial consumption of 32 g of CHO revealed some advantages at the 3.0–3.5 mmol/L range. This was not reproduced at lower PG ranges since participants needed additional CHO regardless of the amount of initial consumption.Clinical trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT03489967

A Solve-RD ClinVar-based reanalysis of 1522 index cases from ERN-ITHACA reveals common pitfalls and misinterpretations in exome sequencing

Purpose Within the Solve-RD project (https://solve-rd.eu/), the European Reference Network for Intellectual disability, TeleHealth, Autism and Congenital Anomalies aimed to investigate whether a reanalysis of exomes from unsolved cases based on ClinVar annotations could establish additional diagnoses. We present the results of the “ClinVar low-hanging fruit” reanalysis, reasons for the failure of previous analyses, and lessons learned. Methods Data from the first 3576 exomes (1522 probands and 2054 relatives) collected from European Reference Network for Intellectual disability, TeleHealth, Autism and Congenital Anomalies was reanalyzed by the Solve-RD consortium by evaluating for the presence of single-nucleotide variant, and small insertions and deletions already reported as (likely) pathogenic in ClinVar. Variants were filtered according to frequency, genotype, and mode of inheritance and reinterpreted. Results We identified causal variants in 59 cases (3.9%), 50 of them also raised by other approaches and 9 leading to new diagnoses, highlighting interpretation challenges: variants in genes not known to be involved in human disease at the time of the first analysis, misleading genotypes, or variants undetected by local pipelines (variants in off-target regions, low quality filters, low allelic balance, or high frequency). Conclusion The “ClinVar low-hanging fruit” analysis represents an effective, fast, and easy approach to recover causal variants from exome sequencing data, herewith contributing to the reduction of the diagnostic deadlock

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La trajectoire de (trans)formation des compétences comme condition d’accès à une nouvelle professionnalité. Les cadres du secteur hospitalier en France

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