202 research outputs found

    Associations entre la mentalisation et l'anxiété chez les jeunes : étude comparative et méta-analyse

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    Les troubles anxieux sont les troubles de santĂ© mentale les plus rĂ©pandus chez les enfants et les adolescents. Du fait des impacts fonctionnels qu’elle engendre, l’anxiĂ©tĂ© constitue un rĂ©el enjeu de santĂ© publique. L’étude de son dĂ©veloppement s’avĂšre primordiale afin de bien la comprendre et mieux la prĂ©venir. Les modĂšles dĂ©veloppementaux actuels de l’anxiĂ©tĂ© intĂšgrent des facteurs de risque ou de protection d’ordre neurologique, cognitif et familial. Notamment, l’insĂ©curitĂ© dans la relation d’attachement parent-enfant et les difficultĂ©s de rĂ©gulation Ă©motionnelle sont souvent citĂ©es comme Ă©lĂ©ments-clĂ©s dans les trajectoires dĂ©veloppementales de l’anxiĂ©tĂ©. La prĂ©sente thĂšse propose d’enrichir ce corpus de connaissances en se penchant sur les relations entre l’anxiĂ©tĂ© et la mentalisation, une fonction essentiellement relationnelle et Ă©motionnelle. Celle-ci se dĂ©finit comme la capacitĂ© Ă  apprĂ©hender les Ă©tats mentaux – c’est-Ă -dire les pensĂ©es, les Ă©motions, les dĂ©sirs, les intentions, etc. – qui sous-tendent les comportements, les siens comme ceux d’autrui. Lorsqu’elle est bien dĂ©veloppĂ©e, la mentalisation favorise la rĂ©gulation Ă©motionnelle et les relations interpersonnelles satisfaisantes. À l’inverse, des dĂ©fauts de mentalisation sont observables dans la plupart des fonctionnements psychopathologiques. Or, les connaissances sur les capacitĂ©s de mentalisation des jeunes prĂ©sentant des symptĂŽmes anxieux et, plus largement, des problĂšmes intĂ©riorisĂ©s, demeurent limitĂ©es. S’inscrivant dans l’approche de la psychopathologie dĂ©veloppementale, cette thĂšse par articles propose de se pencher sur les relations qui unissent la mentalisation Ă  l’anxiĂ©tĂ© et aux problĂšmes intĂ©riorisĂ©s grĂące Ă  deux angles d’analyse complĂ©mentaires : de façon spĂ©cifique, d’abord, avec une Ă©tude empirique comparative auprĂšs d’enfants et d’adolescents, puis de maniĂšre plus globale, Ă  l’aide d’une mĂ©ta-analyse. SpĂ©cifiquement, la premiĂšre Ă©tude vise Ă  prĂ©ciser les associations entre la mentalisation mesurĂ©e dans le contexte des relations d’attachement (la fonction rĂ©flexive) et l’anxiĂ©tĂ© clinique et sous-clinique chez une population d’enfants d’ñge scolaire et d’adolescents. Puis, la seconde Ă©tude a pour objectif de quantifier les relations entre la mentalisation et l’anxiĂ©tĂ©/les problĂšmes intĂ©riorisĂ©s Ă  tous les Ăąges de la vie grĂące Ă  une mĂ©ta-analyse. Les rĂ©sultats qui Ă©mergent de ces deux Ă©tudes pointent vers des capacitĂ©s de mentalisation relativement bien prĂ©servĂ©es ou lĂ©gĂšrement diminuĂ©es chez les individus anxieux. Les dimensions de la mentalisation (soi-autrui, cognitive-affective, interne-externe, automatique-contrĂŽlĂ©e), de mĂȘme que le type de symptomatologie (anxiĂ©tĂ© dĂ©clenchĂ©e par des peurs relationnelles ou non, problĂšmes intĂ©riorisĂ©s) influencent les associations entre la mentalisation et le fonctionnement psychologique. Les rĂ©sultats seront discutĂ©s Ă  la lumiĂšre des enjeux mĂ©thodologiques, dĂ©veloppementaux et cliniques qu’ils soulĂšvent. Notamment, il sera question de l’importance d’une considĂ©ration spĂ©cifique des capacitĂ©s de mentalisation des jeunes anxieux et de leur famille dans l’accompagnement clinique qui leur est offert. L’intĂ©rĂȘt croissant des chercheurs comme des cliniciens sur les implications de la mentalisation dans le dĂ©veloppement de l’anxiĂ©tĂ© ouvre la voie Ă  de meilleures pratiques pour la prĂ©vention et le traitement de l’anxiĂ©tĂ©

    Synapse Loss in Olfactory Local Interneurons Modifies Perception

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    Synapse loss correlates with cognitive decline in aging and most neurological pathologies. Sensory perception changes often represent subtle dysfunctions that precede the onset of a neurodegenerative disease. However, a cause–effect relationship between synapse loss and sensory perception deficits is difficult to prove and quantify due to functional and structural adaptation of neural systems. Here we modified a PI3K/AKT/GSK3 signaling pathway to reduce the number of synapses—without affecting the number of cells—in five subsets of local interneurons of the Drosophila olfactory glomeruli and measured the behavioral effects on olfactory perception. The neuron subsets were chosen under the criteria of GABA or ChAT expression. The reduction of one subset of synapses, mostly inhibitory, converted the responses to all odorants and concentrations tested as repulsive, while the reduction of another subset, mostly excitatory, led to a shift toward attraction. However, the simultaneous reduction of both synapse subsets restored normal perception. One group of local interneurons proved unaffected by the induced synapse loss in the perception of some odorants, indicating a functional specialization of these cells. Using genetic tools for space and temporal control of synapse number decrease, we show that the perception effects are specific to the local interneurons, rather than the mushroom bodies, and are not based on major structural changes elicited during development. These findings demonstrate that synapse loss cause sensory perception changes and suggest that normal perception is based on a balance between excitation and inhibition.Peer reviewe

    Identification of the translocation breakpoints in the Ts65Dn and Ts1Cje mouse lines: relevance for modeling down syndrome

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    Down syndrome (DS) is the most frequent genetic disorder leading to intellectual disabilities and is caused by three copies of human chromosome 21. Mouse models are widely used to better understand the physiopathology in DS or to test new therapeutic approaches. The older and the most widely used mouse models are the trisomic Ts65Dn and the Ts1Cje mice. They display deficits similar to those observed in DS people, such as those in behavior and cognition or in neuronal abnormalities. The Ts65Dn model is currently used for further therapeutic assessment of candidate drugs. In both models, the trisomy was induced by reciprocal chromosomal translocations that were not further characterized. Using a comparative genomic approach, we have been able to locate precisely the translocation breakpoint in these two models and we took advantage of this finding to derive a new and more efficient Ts65Dn genotyping strategy. Furthermore, we found that the translocations introduce additional aneuploidy in both models, with a monosomy of seven genes in the most telomeric part of mouse chromosome 12 in the Ts1Cje and a trisomy of 60 centromeric genes on mouse chromosome 17 in the Ts65Dn. Finally, we report here the overexpression of the newly found aneuploid genes in the Ts65Dn heart and we discuss their potential impact on the validity of the DS model

    Missense Mutation in the Second RNA Binding Domain Reveals a Role for Prkra (PACT/RAX) during Skull Development

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    Random chemical mutagenesis of the mouse genome can causally connect genes to specific phenotypes. Using this approach, reduced pinna (rep) or microtia, a defect in ear development, was mapped to a small region of mouse chromosome 2. Sequencing of this region established co-segregation of the phenotype (rep) with a mutation in the Prkra gene, which encodes the protein PACT/RAX. Mice homozygous for the mutant Prkra allele had defects not only in ear development but also growth, craniofacial development and ovarian structure. The rep mutation was identified as a missense mutation (Serine 130 to Proline) that did not affect mRNA expression, however the steady state level of RAX protein was significantly lower in the brains of rep mice. The mutant protein, while normal in most biochemical functions, was unable to bind dsRNA. In addition, rep mice displayed altered morphology of the skull that was consistent with a targeted deletion of Prkra showing a contribution of the gene to craniofacial development. These observations identified a specific mutation that reduces steady-state levels of RAX protein and disrupts the dsRNA binding function of the protein, demonstrating the importance of the Prkra gene in various aspects of mouse development
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