Potentiality Of Palm Oil Biowaste Withcow Dung And Poultry Litter For Compost Production

Malaysia ialah negara pengeluar minyak sawit utama di dunia. Industri ini menghasilkan banyak jenis biojisim. Penggunan biojisim untuk tujuan tambah nilai seperti pengkomposan perlu diteroka dan diselidik. Sebagai satu matlamat akhir, dengan menggunakan sumber buangan bio yang boleh didapati dengan mudah, kompos yang amat cekap dijangka dapat dihasilkan dari biojisim kelapa sawit dengan keterangan yang tepat mengenai ciri-ciri dan tingkah laku biojisim yang berbeza-beza dengan bilangan kali pengkomposan dan syarat-syarat. Objektif kajian ini ialah untuk belajar kesan sisa ternakan (PL) dan tahi lembu (CD) pada pengkomposan proses sisa bio minyak sawit (POBW) dan menentukan nisbah terbaik bahan-bahan buangan bio minyak sawit dan PL dan CD dalam proses membuat kompos. Bahan-bahan buangan bio minyak sawit (EFB dan pelepah) diadunkan dengan PL dan CD dalam lapan nisbah berbeza dan kandungan lembapan dilaraskan kepada 40% untuk semua rawatan semasa proses membuat kompos. Kandungan tong-tong kompos yang dicampur dengan tepat dan diletakkan di tempat teduh untuk mengaktifkan mekanisme penguraian sehingga 11 minggu. Hasil menunjukkan, pada nisbah 1:3 POBW dan tahi lembu telah menunjukkan nilai optimum bagi nisbah C:N (≤ 25). Kekonduksian elektrik untuk kompos matang ialah 2.83 dSm-1 manakala nilai optimum ialah di bawah 4 dSm-1 dalam percubaan ini. Nilai pH rawatan ini pada akhir proses membuat kompos ialah 7.92. POBW dengan sisa ternakan pada nisbah 1:3 telah menunjukkan C:N kurang daripada (≤ 25) serta SPR untuk kompos matang ialah 3.7 dSm-1 and pH ialah 7.35, yang merupakan paling hampir pH semula jadi. Tahi lembu dan sisa ternakan diadunkan dengan POBW bagi memastikan satu keimbangan nutrien dalam matriks kompos untuk aplikasi lebih lanjut dalam pengeluaran pertanian. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Malaysia is the major palm oil producing country in the world. This industry generated many types of biomass including the mesocarp fiber, shell, empty fruit bunch (EFB), oil palm frond (OPF) and oil palm bark (OPB). The application of those biomasses for value-added purposes such as composting needs to be explored and investigated. As an ultimate objective, by using easily available biowaste resources, highly efficient compost is expected to be produced from oil palm biomass with proper elucidation of its characteristics and behavior, varying composting times and conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of poultry litter (PL) and cow dung (CD) on composting process of palm oil biowaste (POBW) and to optimize the best ratio of palm oil biowastes and PL and CD in composting process. Palm oil biowastes (EFB and frond) were mixed with PL and CD in eight different ratios and moisture content adjusted to 40% for all treatments during the composting process. The content of compost bins were mixed appropriately and placed in shade for activating decomposition mechanism up to 11 weeks. Results showed that at 1:3 ratio of POBW and cow dung had the optimum qualities of C:N ratio (≤ 25). The electrical conductivity (EC) for mature compost was 2.83 mSm-1 while the optimum value was below 4 mSm-1 in this experimentation. The pH value of this treatment at the end of composting process was 7.92. The POBW with poultry litter at 1:3 ratio showed the C:N ratio was less than ≤25, EC for mature compost was 3.7 mSm-1, and pH value was 7.35. Cow dung and poultry litter addition to POBW was beneficial for ensuring nutrient balance in the compost. Therefore, such compost was suitable for further application in agriculture

Adsorption Of Reactive Dyes By Hexadecylamine And 3-Aminopropyl Triethoxysilane Modified Chitosan Beads

Industri tekstil telah mengalami pertumbuhan pesat dalam tahun-tahun kebelakangan ini. Dalam industri ini, pelbagai jenis pewarna telah digunakan untuk tujuan mewarna. Akibatnya, air sisa industri ini mengandungi sejumlah besar warna dan sebatian toksik yang akan memudaratkan alam sekitar jika tidak dirawat. Oleh itu, kumbahan tekstil mempunyai keperluan untuk dirawat dengan kaedah yang cekap sebelum dilepaskan ke saliran air. Di antara semua kaedah rawatan, proses penjerapan didapati sebagai kaedah yang berkesan. Kitosan (CS) merupakan salah satu polimer tabii jadi yang boleh didapati secara meluas. CS telah terbukti sebagai penjerap warna yang berkesan kerana sifat-sifatnya seperti mudah untuk biodegradasi, ciri kationik dan harga yang rendah. Walau bagaimanapun, CS mentah mempunyai ciri-ciri yang mengehadkan prestasi penjerapan seperti kawasan permukaan dan kapasiti penjerapan yang rendah. Oleh itu, CS perlu diubah suai sebelum digunakan sebagai penjerap. Dalam kajian ini, CS telah diubah suai dari segi fizikal dan kimia dan kemudian telah digunakan sebagai penjerap pewarna reaktif (reaktif biru 4 (RB4) dan reaktif hitam 5 (RB5)) dan untuk air sisa tekstil sebenar. Textile industry has experienced exponential growth in recent years. In these industries, many different types of dye are being used for coloring purposes. As a result, the effluent of these industries contains large amount of color and toxic compounds. These colors and toxic compounds would be detrimental to the environment if they are left untreated. As such, the textile effluent has a dye need to be treated with an efficient method before being released into water bodies. Among all treatments, adsorption process is found to be an effective method for industrial effluents treatment. Chitosan (CS) is one of abundantly available natural polymers and is an effective adsorbent due to its specific adsorption properties such as biodegradability, cationicity and low price. However, the raw CS suffers from some draw backs such as low surface area and low adsorption capacity which limit its adsorption performance. Therefore, it is necessary for CS to be modified prior to its use as an adsorbent. In the present study CS, was modified physically and chemically and then applied for adsorption of reactive dyes (reactive blue 4 (RB4) and reactive black 5(RB5)) and real textile wastewater

Nonthermal Mechanochemical Destruction of POPs

The present chapter is dedicated to all relevant theoretical and application aspects of mechanochemical destruction technology for mineralization of POPs, both stockpiled ones and as contaminants in environmental and waste matrices. It will show that such solid-state technology, realized by high energy milling of POPs with a co-milling solid reagent, can achieve complete mineralization of haloorganics into graphitic/amorphous carbon, carbon oxides, and halides; it takes place at near environmental temperature, thus limiting unintentional formation of dioxins (if treatment conditions are selected carefully); and, in some cases, it can be used to produce useful materials instead of just detoxified waste. The chapter will also give a comprehensive picture of complex mechanochemical destruction mechanism, including mechanochemical activation of the co-milling reagent and the cascade of radical reactions that cause POP molecules mineralization. Finally, technological and economic considerations will be provided, which corroborate the validity and feasibility of the mechanochemical destruction as an effective and safe technology to treat POPs

Waste Material Adsorbents for Zinc Removal from Wastewater: A Comprehensive Review

This review examines a variety of adsorbents and discusses mechanisms, modification methods, recovery and regeneration, and commercial applications. A summary of available researches has been composed by a wide range of potentially low-cost modified adsorbents including activated carbon, natural source adsorbents (clay, bentonite, zeolite, etc.), biosorbents (black gram husk, sugar-beet pectin gels, citrus peels, banana and orange peels, carrot residues, cassava waste, algae, algal, marine green macroalgae, etc.), and byproduct adsorbents (sawdust, lignin, rice husk, rice husk ash, coal fly ash, etc.). From the literature survey, different adsorbents were compared in terms of Zn2+ adsorption capacity; also Zn2+ adsorption capacity was compared with other metals adsorption. Thus, some of the highest adsorption capacities reported for Zn2+ are 168 mg/g powdered waste sludge, 128.8 mg/g dried marine green macroalgae, 73.2 mg/g lignin, 55.82 mg/g cassava waste, and 52.91 mg/g bentonite. Furthermore, modification of adsorbents can improve adsorption capacity. Regeneration cost is important, but if consumption of virgin adsorbent is reduced, then multiple economic, industrial, and environmental benefits can be gained. Finally, the main drawback of the already published Zn2+ adsorption researches is that their use is still in the laboratory stage mostly without scale-up, pilot studies, or commercialization

A Review on the Production of Light Olefins Using Steam Cracking of Hydrocarbons

Light olefins are the main building blocks used in the petrochemical and chemical industries for the production of different components such as polymers, synthetic fibers, rubbers, and plastic materials. Currently, steam cracking of hydrocarbons is the main technology for the production of light olefins. In steam cracking, the pyrolysis of feedstocks occurs in the cracking furnace, where hydrocarbon feed and steam are first mixed and preheated in the convection section and then enter the furnace radiation section to crack to the desired products. This paper summarizes olefin production via the steam cracking process; and the reaction mechanism and cracking furnace are also discussed. The effect of different operating parameters, including temperature, residence time, feedstock composition, and the steam-to-hydrocarbon ratio, are also reviewed

Coherence Theory of Halliday and Hasan (1985) and Its Implementation in Surah Alaq and Persian Translations of Haddad Adel

One of the issues that always have been considered by the various texts Analysts in the Linguistics-based text is cohesion and coordination coherence in the text. In this study, based on systematic and evolved theory of Halliday and Hasan (1985), and the coordination of coherence that Roqiyeh Hassan (1984) suggested, Coordination of coherence in Surah Al-Alaq and its Persian translation of Gholam-Ali Haddad-Adel, Arbitrarily, selective and inductive be evaluated with Analytical - descriptive and statistical method. The writers come up with a comprehensive approach, and according to the text with confidence in this theory, factors cohesion, coordinated coherence and the amount of this cohesion, as well as chain elements, engage it determined in the context of Sura Al-Alaq and its Persian translation. Then compared both the source and destination to each other. Research results indicate that despite differences in grammatical and lexical elements of texts origin and destination, both text and has a high percentage of text cohesion, And due to the high percentage of similarity to the source text in the target text In practice the way of integrity, respected translator has been able to reflect on the meanings and concepts translate to a large extent be successful and to attract the attention of audience satisfaction

Synthesis and Regeneration of A MXene-Based Pollutant Adsorbent by Mechanochemical Methods

In the present study, an adsorbent material for removal of organic contaminants in wastewater is synthetized by a green and facile mechanochemical method. It is composed of Ti3C2Tx MXene layers (obtained by mechanochemical etching of MAX phase with concentrated HF) pillared with terephthalate by rapid direct reaction. Such material shows high specific surface area (135.7 m2 g−1) and excellent adsorption capability of methylene blue (209 mg g−1) because of the larger interlayer space among MXene sheets and free carboxylate groups of terephthalate. The spent adsorbent is reutilized (with addition of sole aluminum) to synthetize the MAX phase by mechanochemical procedure, where the terephthalate and the pollutant are carbonized into the carbide. In this way, new MXene-based adsorbent can be re-synthetized for further use

Charakterizace povrchu materiálů na bázi uhlíku za použití inverzní plynové chromatografie: přehledový článek

Z teoretických i praktických důvodů je nutné plně pochopit mechanismus adsorpce molekul na povrchu materiálů na bázi uhlíku. Zcela zásadní je vyšetření povrchových vlastností těchto materiálů, protože jsou využívány ve velkém množství aplikací (matrice katalytických materiálů, úložiště vodíku, čidla, adsorbenty, materiály pro separaci plynů a podobně). Citlivou a účinnou metodou ke stanovení fyziochemických vlastností, jako jsou specifický povrch (BET - BrunauerEmmett-Teller), heterogenita povrchové energie, teplo adsorpce, kohezní práce, teplota skelného přechodu a podobně, je inverzní plynová chromatografie, kterou lze využít pro charakterizaci práškových materiálů, tenkých filmů či vláken. Tento přehledový článek je zaměřen na základní principy, využívané metody a aplikace inverzní plynové chromatografie. Dále jsou popsány příklady experimentů využívaných k charakterizaci materiálů na bázi uhlíku (uhlíkové nanotrubičky, grafit a aktivovaný uhlík).It is essential to understand the adsorption of guest molecules on carbon-based materials for both theoretical and practical reasons. It is crucial to analyze the surface properties of carbon-based materials with a wide range of applications (e.g., catalyst supports, hydrogen storage, sensors, adsorbents, separation media, etc.). Inverse gas chromatography (IGC) as a powerful and sensitive technique can be used to characterize the surface physicochemical properties (i.e., Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area, surface energy heterogeneity, heat of adsorption, specific interaction of adsorption, work of cohesion, glass transition temperatures, solubility, and so forth) of various types of materials such as powders, films, and fibers. In this review, the principles, common methods, and application of IGC are discussed. In addition, the examples of various experiments developed for the IGC to characterize the carbonaceous materials (such as carbon nanotubes, graphite, and activated carbon) are discussed

Přehledový článek o produkci lehkých olefinů metodou fluidního katalytického krakování

Fluidní katalytické krakování (FCC) je alternativou k dalším procesům využívaných k produkci olefinů, přičemž dosahuje nižších emisí CO2 a lepší energetické ekonomie. Celosvětově je FCC využíváno k produkci téměř 60% objemu olefinů. Parametry, jako jsou provozní podmínky, vlastnosti vstupních surovin a typ katalytického materiálu, mohou silně ovlivnit katalytickou aktivity a následnou distribuci produktu. Katalytický materiál pro FCC obsahuje zeolit jako aktivní látku a matrici, pojivo a plnivo jako mechanickou oporu katalytického materiálu. Kromě vlastností katalytického materiálu, výkon FCC jednotky závisí na provozních parametrech, jako jsou složení vstupních surovin, parciální tlak uhlovodíků, teplota, čas, který surovina stráví v jednotce, a poměr množství catalytického materiálu a oleje (CTO). Tento přehledový článek předkládá souhrn informací o produkci lehkých olefinů metodou FCC a diskutuje vliv složení katalytického materiálu a provozních podmínek na výtěžek (účinnost) lehkých olefinů.The fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process is an alternative olefin production technology, with lower CO2 emission and higher energy-saving. This process is used for olefin production by almost 60% of the global feedstocks. Different parameters including the operating conditions, feedstock properties, and type of catalyst can strongly affect the catalytic activity and product distribution. FCC catalysts contain zeolite as an active component, and a matrix, a binder, and a filler to provide the physical strength of the catalyst. Along with the catalyst properties, the FCC unit’s performance also depends on the operating conditions, including the feed composition, hydrocarbon partial pressure, temperature, residence time, and the catalyst-to-oil ratio (CTO). This paper provides a summary of the light olefins production via the FCC process and reviews the influences of the catalyst composition and operating conditions on the yield of light olefins