Focal Cortical Dysplasia with hippocampal sclerosis

Focal Cortical Dysplasia (FCD) is a group of focal developmental malformations of the cerebral cortex cytoarchitecture. FCD usually manifests as medically intractable epilepsy, especially in young children. Live patients are diagnosed by radiological examination such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET), magnetoencephalography (MEG), diffusion-tensor imaging (DTI), and intracranial electroencephalogram (EEG). While some cases can be missed by radiological examination, they are usually diagnosed on the histopathological examination of the surgically removed specimens of medically intractable epilepsy patients. We report a case of a young girl with cerebral palsy, mental retardation, and seizure disorder who died in her sleep. The deceased was diagnosed with FCD type III with hippocampal sclerosis on histopathological examination at autopsy. H & E stain and NeuN immunohistochemistry neuronal cell marker were used to demonstrate the findings of FCD

Present landscape of quantum computing

Quantum computing is currently a topic of interest that harnesses the phenomena of quantum mechanics. It can address several scientific challenges and generate new business opportunities. Recently, for the first time in the history of quantum computing, the authors are starting to see practical applications. Keeping this in mind, this article is designed to explore the field without any required prerequisites. The authors start with a brief overview of the fundamentals of quantum computing and also outline several applications. The timeline for widespread adoption cannot be predicted, but quite a few organisations have built the first generation of quantum computers using various hardware technologies. The authors have briefly covered the wide landscape of hardware technologies. The first generation of quantum computers can be programmed using available software development kits and accessed using online cloud services. Furthermore, the growing trend in investments and patents in the field of quantum computing is also presented. A major reason for this trend is the threat that quantum computers pose against cryptography

A case of acute graft-versus-host disease in postliver transplantation

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after liver transplantation, although rare, is well documented in liver transplant recipients. In this syndrome, donor T lymphocytes transferred with the graft are activated by alloantigens expressed by host antigen-presenting cells and initiate an immune response against recipient tissues, especially skin, gastrointestinal tract, and hemopoietic tissue. A descriptive study of clinical case and the management includes investigations, diagnosis, and treatment of GVHD. Diagnosis of the GVHD was based on combination of clinical features and histological features on skin biopsy. Possible differential diagnosis was ruled out on the basis of laboratory investigations. Empirical treatment with continuous immunosuppressant and antibiotics were continued. There was a transient response to the treatment with resurgence of the features culminating in multiple organ dysfunction leading to death. This first case of this rare complication in the experience of our institute of nearly one hundred and twenty liver transplantation amounts to the incidence of approximately 0.8%. This is in alignment with the worldwide incidence. The rarity of this complication coupled with fair incidence of infective complications of liver transplantation mimicking it clinically makes the diagnosis of GVHD more difficult until sought after proactively. Moreover, the balance between the immunosuppression and superadded infection thereof with ill-defined and ill-studied treatment options makes the treatment of the complication more difficult thus justifying its high mortality across the world. Although GVHD is a rare complication of LT and the mortality rate remains very high, clinical features represent an important tool for early diagnosis. The prognosis remains poor, and further research is needed to clarify the pathogenesis of GVHD and to provide new therapy

Encephalocele presenting as lower lid swelling: A rare case report

Encephalocele is a rare congenital abnormality characterized by abnormal protrusion of brain and meninges through an opening in the skull. We report an 8-year-old girl who presented with a swelling in the right lower lid for the last 6 years. In her infancy, she had undergone surgery for a very small swelling located in the right nasolacrimal area. On further clinicoradiological evaluation, anterior encephalocele was diagnosed. This case highlights the uncommon site of anterior encephalocele; misdiagnosis and mismanagement of which could result in dreaded complications such as meningitis and cerebrospinal fluid leaking fistula formation