PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF LEUCAS MARRUBIOIDES DESF. ROOT EXTRACTS

Objective: The number of multidrug-resistant microbial strains and the appearance of strains with reduced susceptibility to antibiotics forced scientists to search for new antimicrobial agents from plants. The present study was aimed to evaluate the phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial potential of Leucas marrubioides Desf. root extracts.Methods: The roots of L. marrubioides was extracted with solvents of varying polarity, namely pet-ether, chloroform, and methanol. The phytochemical screening was carried out qualitatively to identify the major phytoconstituents present in the extracts. The antimicrobial activity of extracts was evaluated against five Gram-positive bacteria, five Gram-negative bacteria and six fungal strains by agar well diffusion method. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the extracts was determined by Broth dilution method.Results: The results of the study indicated that the pet-ether and chloroform extracts of the plant were highly effective towards most of the Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria and fungal strains. While, the methanol extract was moderately active towards all the tested organisms. The pet ether extract had lowest MIC of 1.562 mg/ml against V. cholerae and Curvularia sp and chloroform extract had lowest MIC of 1.562 mg/ml against only C. neoformans. The methanol extract showed MIC of 1.562 mg/ml against the organisms S. pyogenes, C. neoformans and C. albicans.Conclusion: The potent antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria and fungal strains may be due to the presence of broad spectrum antibiotic compound in the extracts. The study validates the use of the plant in the treatment of bacterial and fungal infections.Â

POTENTIAL ANTIMICROBIAL, ANTHELMINTIC AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF MYRISTICA DACTYLOIDES GAETRN BARK

Objective: The present study was undertaken to determine the antimicrobial, anthelmintic and antioxidant activities of bark extracts of Myristica dactyloides Gaetrn.Methods: The antimicrobial activity of the petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts were evaluated by the Agar well diffusion method against different gram-positive, gram-negative bacteria and fungi. Different extracts of the plant were taken for anthelmintic activity against Indian earthworm Pheretima Posthuma. DPPH radical scavenging activity was measured by the DPPH antioxidant assay method using ascorbic acid as standard and the total phenolic content was estimated spectrophotometrically using Folin-Ciocalteu method.Results: Petroleum ether extract exhibited significant antifungal activity, anthelmintic activity and considerable DPPH radical scavenging activity with an IC50 value of 10.97±0.07µg/ml. Whereas methanol extract exhibited significant antibacterial activity against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria and it is the richest source of phenolics with a total phenolic content of 95.11±2.14 mg of Catechol equivalents/100 mg dried extract. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins/phenolics, steroids/triterpenoids and saponins which may be the reason for its biological properties.Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that this plant is medicinal with prominent antioxidant, antimicrobial and anthelmintic property. The plant can be considered as promising plant species with high potential value for drug preparation.Â

Antioxidant and antitubercular activities of leaf extracts of Canthium dicoccum (Gaertn.) and Amischophacelus axillaris (L.)

244-249Modern civilization is facing hundreds of disorders associated with free radicals. The natural antioxidants from non-edible plants are gaining importance to fight against these disorders. One such commonly seen disorder is tuberculosis, which is responsible for about 8 million deaths annually worldwide. This study intends to evaluate the ethanol extracts of Canthium dicoccum (Gaertn.) and ethyl acetate extracts of Amischophacelus axillaris (L.) for antioxidant and antitubercular activities. The antioxidant activity of the extracts has been evaluated using DPPH radical scavenging methods. The results of the study indicated that ethanol extract of C. dicoccum (Gaertn.) and ethyl acetate extract of A. axillaris (L.) possess promising DPPH radical scavenging activity. The antitubercular activity of ethanol extract of C. dicoccum (Gaertn.) and ethyl acetate extract of A. axillaris (L.) have been evaluated against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H73Rv strain using Microplate Alamar Blue Assay (MABA). The activity was documented within the MIC range of 0.8 to 12.5 µg/mL for C. dicoccum (Gaertn.) and 0.8 to 50 µg/mL for A. axillaris (L.). The results of MABA showed that both the plant extracts exhibited excellent antitubercular activity. The present investigation suggests that C. dicoccum (Gaertn.) and A. axillaris (L.) possess remarkable antioxidant and antitubercular activity

Antioxidant and antitubercular activities of leaf extracts of Canthium dicoccum (Gaertn.) and Amischophacelus axillaris (L.)

Modern civilization is facing hundreds of disorders associated with free radicals. The natural antioxidants from non-edible plants are gaining importance to fight against these disorders. One such commonly seen disorder is tuberculosis, which is responsible for about 8 million deaths annually worldwide. This study intends to evaluate the ethanol extracts of Canthium dicoccum (Gaertn.) and ethyl acetate extracts of Amischophacelus axillaris (L.) for antioxidant and antitubercular activities. The antioxidant activity of the extracts has been evaluated using DPPH radical scavenging methods. The results of the study indicated that ethanol extract of C. dicoccum (Gaertn.) and ethyl acetate extract of A. axillaris (L.) possess promising DPPH radical scavenging activity. The antitubercular activity of ethanol extract of C. dicoccum (Gaertn.) and ethyl acetate extract of A. axillaris (L.) have been evaluated against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H73Rv strain using Microplate Alamar Blue Assay (MABA). The activity was documented within the MIC range of 0.8 to 12.5 µg/mL for C. dicoccum (Gaertn.) and 0.8 to 50 µg/mL for A. axillaris (L.). The results of MABA showed that both the plant extracts exhibited excellent antitubercular activity. The present investigation suggests that C. dicoccum (Gaertn.) and A. axillaris (L.) possess remarkable antioxidant and antitubercular activity

Synthesis of novel naphtho[2,1<i>-b</i>]furopyrimidine derivatives

1931-19362-Acyl-3-aminonaphtho[2,1-b]furans 2a-c are converted into corresponding oximes 3a-c ,which on reaction with chloroacetyl chloride in the presence of triethylamine yield 2-chloromethyl-4-alkyl/arylnaphtho[2, 1-b]furo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-3-oxides 4a-c. Acylation of compounds 2a-c furnish 2-acyl-3-acylamidonaphtho[2,1-b]furans 5a-f, which undergo ring closure, on reacting with hydrazine hydrate and produce 2-alkyl/aryl-3,4-dihydro-3-amino-4-hydroxy-4-alkyl/aryl-naphtho[2,l–b]furo[3,2-d]pyrimidines 6a-f. Compounds 6a-f when refluxed with formic acid undergo ring opening and rearrangement simultaneously to give 2-acyl-3-(3'-alkyl/aryl-1',2',4'-triazol-4'-yl)naphtho[2,1-b]furans 7a-f. The compounds synthesized have been screened for antimicrobial anthelmintic and anti-inflammatory activity

Synthesis, characterization and pharmacological studies on some triazolothiadiazines and triazolothiadiazoles containing naphtho[2,b]furan

1271-1276The naphtho[2,1-b]furan-2-carbohydrazide 1, on reaction with carbon disulphide and ethanolic potassium hydroxide followed by treatment with hydrazine hydrate/phenyl hydrazine give 4-amino/anilino-5-naphtho[2,1-b]furan-2-yl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiols 2a,b. The compounds 2a,b when treated with chloroacetic acid undergo cycloaddition to produce 3-naphtho[2,1-b]furan-2-yl-5-H/aryl-5H-[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazin-6(7H)-ones 3a,b. Similar type of cycloaddition occurs on refluxing 2a,b with carbon disulphide in ethanolic potassium hydroxide. The resulting biheterocyclic compounds are identified as 3-naphtho[2,1-b]furan-2-yl-5-H/aryl-[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole-6(5H)-thiones 4a,b. 3-Naphtho[2,1-b]furan-2-yl-6-aryl/5,6-diaryl-5,6-dihydro[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles 5a-p and 3-naphtho[2,1-b]furan-2-yl-6-aryl[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles 6a-d are obtained in good yield on reacting 2a,b, with appropriate aldehydes and with carboxylic acids separately. The newly synthesized compounds have been characterized by elemental analysis and spectral studies. The few selected compounds have been evaluated foe antimicrobial and analgesic activity

Synthesis, antimicrobial and antiinflammatory activities of 1,3,4-oxadiazoles linked to naphtho[2,1-<i style="">b</i>]furan

2506-2511Condensation of naphtho[2,1-b]furan-2-carboxyhydrazide 1 with different aromatic aldehydes affords the corresponding N1-[(1E)-arylmethylene]-naphtho[2,1-b]furan-2-carboxyhydrazides 2a-h. These compounds undergo cyclization with acetic anhydride and mercuric oxide to yield 3-acetyl-5-naphtho[2,1-b]furan-2-yl-2-aryl-2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazoles 3a-h and 2-naphtho[2,1-b]furan-2-yl-5-aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazoles 4a-h respectively. The compound 1 on refluxing with carbon disulphide and ethanolic potassium hydroxide followed by acidification with hydrochloric acid furnishes 5-naphtho[2,1-b]furan-2-yl-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2(3H)-thione 5. It is converted into Mannich bases 3-(anilinomethyl)-5-naphtho[2,1-b]furan-2-yl-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2(3H)-thiones 6a-h on treatment with formaldehyde and appropriate aromatic amines. All the newly synthesized compounds are characterized by elemental analysis and spectral studies. The selected compounds have been screened for their antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities.</sub

An analysis of the impact of media orientation workshop on journalists

Media plays a constructive role in any society. It is rightly dubbedas the catalyst in social transformation. This social transformation isonly possible with awareness and proper education. Mass media asrightly pointed out by Marshall McLuhan are ‘extensions of man’.This is true because media as a tool, transfer information, ideas to itsviewers, readers and listeners and there by enhance humans ability tocommunicate messages and spread knowledge which are pivotal forany society's overall development. The study assumes significancefor the fact that it aims to study how media can play a role inperforming the role of a catalyst in the society where poverty andunequal political power influence the lives of the common people. Inthis direction, it becomes imperative for the journalists who aresteering the responsibility to spread awareness to understand thevarious perspectives of Right to Education to create awareness aboutuniversalization of education in India. Through this survey analysisthe researchers trie to evaluate the impact of orientation cum workshopheld in Tumkur in Karnataka on rural journalists. The study is animpact analysis of workshop on journalists to perceive the level ofawareness and sensitivity on issues like RTE- Right to Education toachieve universalization of education to reach the children of poorand underprivileged in the society. Further, the study throws insightinto the potentialities of journalists working for rural media to increasemedia intervention in promoting social agenda

Synthesis of naphtho[2, 1<i>-b </i>]furo[3,2-<i>e</i>]-1,4-diazepin-2-ones and naphtho[2, 1-<i>b</i>]furo[3,2-<i>e</i>]-1,3,4-triazepin-2-ones of pharmacological interest

1537-15432-Hydroxy-1-naphthonitrile 1 on treatment with different haloketones affords corresponding 2-acyl-3-aminonaphtho[2,1-b] furans 2a-c. The compounds 2a-c on refluxing with chloroacetyl chloride produce 3-chloroacetamido-2-acylnaphtho[2,1-b]furans 3a-c, which on subsequent treatment with methanolic ammonia yields the desired naphtho[2,1-b] furo[3,2-e] -1,4-diazepin-2-ones 4a-c. The synthesis of another intermediate 3-aminonaphtho[2, 1-b] furan-2-carboxylate 5, is accomplished by reacting 1 with ethyl chloroacetate. The compound 5 is converted into 1H-2,3,4,5-tetrahydronaphtho[2, 1-b]furo[3,2-e]-1 ,4-diazepin-2,5-dione 7 via ethyl 3-chloroacetamido naphtho[2,1-b]furan-2-carboxylate 6. The reaction of 2a-c with ethyl chloroformate results in the formation of 2-acyl-3 carbethoxyaminonaphtho[2,1-b ]furans 5a-c, which are further converted into different hydrazones 9a-i. The cyclisation of hydrazones 9a-i to 5-alkyl/aryl-3-substituted-1H-2,3-dihydronaphtho[2,1-b) furo[3,2-e]-1 ,3,4-triazepin-2-ones 10a-i is achieved by refluxing in acetic acid. The structures of newly synthesized compounds have been established by elemental analysis and spectral data. Their antimicrobial, anthelmintic and analgesic activities have been evaluated

Synthesis and pharmacological activities of 1-(1-naphtho[2,1-b]furan-2-yl)ethylidene)(arylsubstituted)thiosemicarbazide derivatives and 1- (1-naphtho[2,1-b]furan-2-yl)ethylideneamino)-2-thioxoarylsubstituted imidazolidin-4-one derivatives

537-543Some new naphtho[2,1-b]furan derivatives containing carbothiamide group and imidazolidine heterocycle have been synthesized. Antimicrobial and pharmacological activities of the synthesized compounds have been carried out. The newly synthesized compounds have been characterized by IR, 1H NMR and mass spectral studies