The Psychological Effects of Exercise on Perceived Stress in Athlete Staff: Presenting a Theoretical Model

Background: The study is intended to examine a model of direct and indirect effects (through mediating role of self-assessment latent variable containing self-efficacy and self-esteem components) of sports mental toughness construct (including the components of confidence, consistency and control) on perceived stress of athlete employees. Method: The research design of study was correlational and its approach was structural equations. The population were all athlete employees at National Iranian Gas Company (NIGC) 400 of whom were selected with simple random method. The applied instruments were reliable and valid. Data analysis was performed using macro program of Preacher and Hayes in SPSS-19 software and also using AMOS-20 software. Results: The results indicated that the direct path of the proposed model should be eliminated and after eliminating this path, the model’s fitness parameters were optimized. Conclusion: According to the data of this research it can be concluded that one of the mechanisms of sport’s impact on perceived stress of employees is that first, it influences the three aspects of sports mental toughness and then, a mixture of these variables’ effects improve this employees’ perceived stress through increasing the self- assessment construct of them (and its components)

The Psychological Effects of Exercise on Perceived Stress in Athlete Staff: Presenting a Theoretical Model

Background: The study is intended to examine a model of direct and indirect effects (through mediating role of self-assessment latent variable containing self-efficacy and self-esteem components) of sports mental toughness construct (including the components of confidence, consistency and control) on perceived stress of athlete employees. Method: The research design of study was correlational and its approach was structural equations. The population were all athlete employees at National Iranian Gas Company (NIGC) 400 of whom were selected with simple random method. The applied instruments were reliable and valid. Data analysis was performed using macro program of Preacher and Hayes in SPSS-19 software and also using AMOS-20 software. Results: The results indicated that the direct path of the proposed model should be eliminated and after eliminating this path, the model’s fitness parameters were optimized. Conclusion: According to the data of this research it can be concluded that one of the mechanisms of sport’s impact on perceived stress of employees is that first, it influences the three aspects of sports mental toughness and then, a mixture of these variables’ effects improve this employees’ perceived stress through increasing the self- assessment construct of them (and its components)

A comparison of learning a hand movement pattern in 20 to 26 young adults and 8-10 years old children and its application in rehabilitation

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of two different age groups (children and young adult) to learning of temporal-special coordination hand movement pattern. Materials and Methods: Sixty subjects according to the age (children-young adult) and receiving feedback (100%, omitted, self-control) were randomly divided in to six groups. This study was done in three days. All subjects practice 100 trails of movement task in each day of first and second days. Retention tests were done in second and third days and reacquisition test was done in the third day. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures and two way ANOVA was used to data analysis. Results: All participants in the first day improved their accuracy across practice trials. In the second day children did not improve their accuracy but young adult experienced improvement across practice trials. There was no significant difference between retention children tests but that was significant about young adult. During the retention tests children who received 100% feedback was significantly better than other children feedback groups and there was no significant between young adult feedback groups. During the reacquisition test children who received 100% feedback was significantly better than other children feedback groups and there was no significant between young adult feedback groups. Conclusion: Results from this study showed young adult were better than children in the learning of this pattern, receiving more feedback can improve motor learning in children (in contrast with guidance hypothesis) and we must not expect motor skill acquisition occur in fast rate like young adult in children. Keywords: Age, Young adult, Children, Motor learning, Feedbac