The Reading-Career Education Connection

Career education thus provides a framework that can make reading experiences vital and meaningful. Reading, as Brickell (1975) suggests, is the only skill that will be used in every job, the only skill that can free the mind and put bread on the table (p. 6). If his comments appear to be zealously stated, they nevertheless serve to amplify the reading-career education connection. For the vast majority of students reading is and will continue to be the most efficient vehicle for learning. It can serve as the prime tool for exploring the world of work and in sharpening the thinking skills needed to cope in a highly technological society. The reading curriculum, within a career education context, therefore, must be carefully articulated if students are to experience the full benefits of the reading-career education connection

On the nature of the flux variability during an expansion stage of a type I X-ray burst: Constraints on Neutron Star Parameters for 4U 1820-30

Powerful Type I X-ray burst with strong radial expansion was observed from the low mass X-ray binary 4U 1820-30 with Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer on May 2, 1997. We investigate closely the flux profile during the burst expansion stage. Applying a semi-analytical model we are able to uncover the behavior of a photospheric radius and to simulate the evolution of neutron star (NS)-accretion disk system. The bottom flux L_{bot} is a few times the Eddington limit L_{Edd} for outer layers, because the electron cross-section is a few times less than the Thomson cross-section at such a high temperatures. The surplus of energy flux with respect to the Eddington, $L_{bot}-L_{Edd}$, goes into the potential energy of the expanded envelope. As cooling of the burning zone starts the surplus decreases and thus the envelope shrinks while the emergent photon flux stays the same $L=L_{Edd}$. At a certain moment the NS low-hemisphere, previously screened by the disk, becomes visible to the observer. Consequently, the flux detected by the observer increases. Indeed, we observe to the paradoxical situation when the burning zone cools, but the apparent flux increases because of the NS-accretion disk geometry. We demonstrate a strong observational evidence of NS-accretion disk occultation in the behavior of the observed bolometric flux. We estimate the anisotropy due to geometry and find that the system should have a high inclination angle. Finally, we apply an analytical model of X-ray spectral formation in the neutron star atmosphere during burst decay stage to infer the neutron star (NS) mass-radius relation.Comment: 15 pages, 3 figures, accepted to ApJ

Using Language to Gain Insight Into Literacy Learning

A language story captures children\u27s interactions with their immediate surroundings--the world about them--in such a way that it reflects how children develop the expectation that oral or written language is meaningful. As teachers of reading and writing we can use children\u27s language stories as a tool to gain insights into processes related to literacy learning

R\u3e S1 + S2 + S3 +…Sn

Proponents of a psychometric view of reading support the notion that there are identifiable skills. These skills portray a compact picture of reading that underlies both its measurement and its teaching

The spectral index image of the radio halo in the cluster Abell 520 hosting a famous bow shock

Synchrotron radio emission is being detected from an increasing number of galaxy clusters. Spectral index images are a powerful tool to investigate the origin, nature, and connection of these sources with the dynamical state of the cluster. The aim of this work is to investigate the spectral index distribution of the radio halo in the galaxy cluster A520, a complex system from an optical, radio, and X-ray point of view. We present deep Very Large Array observations in total intensity at 325 and 1400 MHz. We produced and analyzed spectral index images of the radio halo in this frequency range at a resolution of 39" and 60" and looked for possible correlations with the thermal properties of the cluster. We find an integrated radio halo spectral index alpha(325-1400) ~ 1.12. No strong radial steepening is present and the spectral index distribution is intrinsically complex with fluctuations only partially due to measurement errors. The radio halo integrated spectral index and the cluster temperature follow the global trend observed in other galaxy clusters although a strong point-to-point correlation between the spectral index and the thermal gas temperature has not been observed. The complex morphology in the spectral index image of the radio halo in A520 is in agreement with the primary models for radio halo formation. The flatness of the radial profile suggests that the merger is still ongoing and is uniformly and continuously (re-) accelerating the population of relativistic electrons responsible of the radio emission even at large (~ 1 Mpc) distances from the cluster center.Comment: 12 pages, 10 figures, A&A accepte

How Preservice Teachers Perceive Traditional and Competency-Based Reading Education

The study, we should emphasize, was exploratory in nature. Its purpose was to generate tentative insights into the effects of traditional and competency-based reading education so that relationships between the two instructional approaches could be better understood and lead to further hypothesis making and empirical verification