Activation of transcription factors by extracellular nucleotides in immune and related cell types

Extracellular nucleotides, acting through P2 receptors, can regulate gene expression via intracellular signaling pathways that control the activity of transcription factors. Relatively little is known about the activation of transcription factors by nucleotides in immune cells. The NF-κB family of transcription factors is critical for many immune and inflammatory responses. Nucleotides released from damaged or stressed cells can act alone through certain P2 receptors to alter NF-κB activity or they can enhance responses induced by pathogen-associated molecules such as LPS. Nucleotides have also been shown to regulate the activity of other transcription factors (AP-1, NFAT, CREB and STAT) in immune and related cell types. Here, we provide an overview of transcription factors shown to be activated by nucleotides in immune cells, and describe what is known about their mechanisms of activation and potential functions. Furthermore, we propose areas for future work in this new and expanding field

A candidate super-Earth planet orbiting near the snow line of Barnard’s star

Barnard’s star is a red dwarf, and has the largest proper motion (apparent motion across the sky) of all known stars. At a distance of 1.8 parsecs1, it is the closest single star to the Sun; only the three stars in the α Centauri system are closer. Barnard’s star is also among the least magnetically active red dwarfs known2,3 and has an estimated age older than the Solar System. Its properties make it a prime target for planetary searches; various techniques with different sensitivity limits have been used previously, including radial-velocity imaging4,5,6, astrometry7,8 and direct imaging9, but all ultimately led to negative or null results. Here we combine numerous measurements from high-precision radial-velocity instruments, revealing the presence of a low-amplitude periodic signal with a period of 233 days. Independent photometric and spectroscopic monitoring, as well as an analysis of instrumental systematic effects, suggest that this signal is best explained as arising from a planetary companion. The candidate planet around Barnard’s star is a cold super-Earth, with a minimum mass of 3.2 times that of Earth, orbiting near its snow line (the minimum distance from the star at which volatile compounds could condense). The combination of all radial-velocity datasets spanning 20 years of measurements additionally reveals a long-term modulation that could arise from a stellar magnetic-activity cycle or from a more distant planetary object. Because of its proximity to the Sun, the candidate planet has a maximum angular separation of 220 milliarcseconds from Barnard’s star, making it an excellent target for direct imaging and astrometric observations in the future

Latitudinal variation in habitat specificity of ameronothrid mites (Oribatida)

Ameronothroid mites, including Ameronothridae, Fortuyniidae and Selenoribatidae, are unique among the Oribatida through having a global distribution from the tropics to the poles, and occupying a diversity of habitats including terrestrial, marine and freshwater. Their ecological diversification is of considerable interest from both the perspective of evolution over geological timescales, and the detail of the underlying processes. Given their widespread global distribution, it seems likely that historical global events (tectonic and climatic) have played a fundamental role in their ecological diversification. Previous studies of sub-Antarctic island arthropods have generated considerable circumstantial evidence in support of glaciation being a primary factor influencing ecological patterns: lower habitat specificity and weaker interspecific interactions are associated with more recent (postglacial) vegetated terrestrial biotopes, as compared to the older epilithic and littoral biotopes (which are assumed to have been present, albeit reduced in extent, during Neogene glacial maxima). Here, we use ameronothrid mites as a case study to examine the extent to which the above island scenario generalizes globally across latitudes affected by glaciation. We show that, unlike congeners or even conspecifics at lower latitudes in each hemisphere which are restricted to marine environments, the species found at higher latitudes (especially Alaskozetes antarcticus, Ameronothrus dubinini, Ameronothrus lineatus, and Halozetes belgicae) show greater affinity for terrestrial environments. They show a transition or expansion of habitat use (from marine-influenced to terrestrial habitats) implicit with a lower degree of habitat specificity, in relation to increasing latitude. We contend that the terrestrial environment at higher latitudes in both hemispheres has been colonized by these ameronothrid mite species following the various glaciation events, facilitated by a lack of competition experienced in their low diversity communities, in a manner which represents a larger scale demonstration of the processes described on sub-Antarctic islands