An Empirical Assessment of Endogeneity Issues in Demand Analysis for Differentiated Products

This article explores the issue of price and expenditure endogeneity in empirical demand analysis. The analysis focuses on the U.S. carbonated soft drink market. We test the null hypothesis that price and expenditures are exogenous in the demand for carbonated soft drinks. Using an almost ideal demand system (AIDS) specification, we strongly reject exogeneity for both prices and expenditures. We find that accounting for price/expenditures endogeneity significantly impacts demand elasticity estimates. We also evaluate the implications of endogeneity issues for testing weak separability. Copyright 2003, Oxford University Press.

Imobilização de nitrogênio da uréia e do sulfato de amônio aplicado em pré-semeadura ou cobertura na cultura de milho, no sistema plantio direto Nitrogen immobilization of urea and ammonium sulphate applied to maize before planting or top-dressing in a no-till system

No segundo ano de estudo, sulfato de amônio (SA) e uréia (U) marcados com 15N foram aplicados na cultura do milho, em sucessão à aveia-preta (Avena strigosa Schieb.), no sistema plantio direto, 33 dias antes e 10 dias depois da semeadura, na dose de 80 kg ha-1 de N, incorporados a 5-7 cm de profundidade, em sulcos espaçados de 0,8 m, nas entrelinhas do milho. O objetivo foi quantificar o N dos fertilizantes imobilizado no solo (15N orgânico), no sulco de adubação, e o N recuperado na planta nos estádios de 4-5 folhas, 11-12 folhas, florescimento e colheita. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados, efetuando-se a análise de variância em esquema fatorial 2 x 6 em pré-semeadura (duas fontes, U e SA, em seis épocas de amostragem) e 2 x 3 (duas fontes em três épocas de amostragem) em cobertura, com três repetições. O experimento foi realizado em Latossolo Vermelho ácrico típico fase Cerrado subcaducifólio, na Fazenda Floresta do Lobo - Pinusplan, em Uberlândia (MG). Na aplicação em pré-semeadura, a máxima imobilização foi observada aos 22 dias da aplicação do SA (9,1 kg ha-1 ou 11,4 % do N aplicado) e aos 11 dias da aplicação da U (46,5 kg ha-1 ou 58,1 % do N aplicado). Até a colheita, a planta (parte aérea, grãos e raiz) acumulou 66,0 e 47,9 kg ha-1 de N-SA e N-U, respectivamente, correspondendo à eficiência de absorção de 82,5 e 59,9 % do N aplicado. Na aplicação em cobertura, a imobilização do N fertilizante das duas fontes foi inferior a 12,5 % do N aplicado, em todas as fases de crescimento da planta, evidenciando que a biomassa do solo não concorreu com a planta pelo N fertilizante, sendo similar à quantificação realizada na safra 1999/2000. Na média das duas safras (1999/2001) e dos estádios de 11-12 folhas e florescimento, para cada kg de N fertilizante imobilizado, as plantas de milho absorveram 8,9 e 15,4 kg ha-1 de N-SA, em pré-semeadura e cobertura, respectivamente. Para N-U, esses valores foram, respectivamente, de 4,5 e 5,2 kg ha-1, mostrando menor proporção de N-imobilizado de SA, com a aplicação dos fertilizantes em cobertura. As produtividades de grãos obtidas com SA e U, independentemente da época de aplicação, foram de 8.543 e 7.767 kg ha-1, respectivamente. Na adubação em pré-semeadura do milho, o SA apresentou maior rapidez na ciclagem do N imobilizado-mineralizado (turnover), em relação a U, e, conseqüentemente, causou maior absorção do N pela cultura, como verificado na safra anterior. Em cobertura, no sulco de adubação, de forma similar à observada na safra anterior, somente houve imobilização significativa do N-U, retardando sua absorção pela planta.<br>Ammonium sulfate (AS) and urea (U), labeled with 15N, were applied to no-till maize, 33 days before and 10 days after sowing, at a single rate of 80 kg ha-1 of N incorporated 5-7 cm deep along furrows spaced 0.8 m. Corn was sown after black oat (Avena strigosa Schieb.).The amount of immobilized N and of N-fertilizer recovered by corn plants was evaluated at the following plants stages: 4-5 leaves, 11-12 leaves, flowering, and at harvest. Treatments were applied in a randomized block design with three replications. The analysis of variance was performed based on one factorial scheme (2 x 6) with two sources in pre-planting (AS and U) on six sampling dates, and on a second (2 x 3) with two sources in top-dressing on three sampling dates. This field experiment was carried out on a Typic Acrustox in Uberlandia, Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Pre-planting applications resulted in a maximal AS-N immobilization 22 days after fertilizer application (9.1 kg ha-1 or 11.4 % of applied N), whereas the maximum immobilization of U-N occurred 11 days after fertilizer application (46.5 kg ha-1 or 58.1 % of applied N). Until harvest, the plants (aerial part, grains and roots) had accumulated 66.0 and 47.9 of AS-N and U-N, respectively (use efficiency of 82.5 and 59.9 % of applied N). N top-dressing resulted in 12.5 % less N immobilized applied as both sources in all growth stages, evidencing that the soil biomass did not compete with the plants for N-fertilizer, in agreement with results of the growing season 1999/2000. In both growing seasons (1999/2000 and 2000/2001) corn plants assimilated an average 8.9 and 15.4 kg ha-1 of AS-N for each kg of immobilized N-fertilizer from pre-planting and top-dressing, respectively, in the stage of 11-12 leaves and at flowering. For U-N these values were 4.5 and 5.2 kg ha-1, respectively, presenting a lower ratio of immobilized AS-N in top-dressing. Highest corn yields were obtained in the AS treatments (mean grain yield of 8.543 kg ha-1) independent of the application time. Urea treated plants obtained average grain yields of 7.767 kg ha-1 for both application periods. These results show that for pre-planting fertilizers the immobilization-mineralization N turnover was faster in the AS than in the U-N treatment. Consequently, N assimilation by corn plants was higher in the AS treatments. Only U-N was significantly immobilized more also in the second growing season when top-dressed, thus limiting plant N uptake

NEOTROPICAL XENARTHRANS: a data set of occurrence of xenarthran species in the Neotropics

Xenarthrans—anteaters, sloths, and armadillos—have essential functions for ecosystem maintenance, such as insect control and nutrient cycling, playing key roles as ecosystem engineers. Because of habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting pressure, and conflicts with domestic dogs, these species have been threatened locally, regionally, or even across their full distribution ranges. The Neotropics harbor 21 species of armadillos, 10 anteaters, and 6 sloths. Our data set includes the families Chlamyphoridae (13), Dasypodidae (7), Myrmecophagidae (3), Bradypodidae (4), and Megalonychidae (2). We have no occurrence data on Dasypus pilosus (Dasypodidae). Regarding Cyclopedidae, until recently, only one species was recognized, but new genetic studies have revealed that the group is represented by seven species. In this data paper, we compiled a total of 42,528 records of 31 species, represented by occurrence and quantitative data, totaling 24,847 unique georeferenced records. The geographic range is from the southern United States, Mexico, and Caribbean countries at the northern portion of the Neotropics, to the austral distribution in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. Regarding anteaters, Myrmecophaga tridactyla has the most records (n = 5,941), and Cyclopes sp. have the fewest (n = 240). The armadillo species with the most data is Dasypus novemcinctus (n = 11,588), and the fewest data are recorded for Calyptophractus retusus (n = 33). With regard to sloth species, Bradypus variegatus has the most records (n = 962), and Bradypus pygmaeus has the fewest (n = 12). Our main objective with Neotropical Xenarthrans is to make occurrence and quantitative data available to facilitate more ecological research, particularly if we integrate the xenarthran data with other data sets of Neotropical Series that will become available very soon (i.e., Neotropical Carnivores, Neotropical Invasive Mammals, and Neotropical Hunters and Dogs). Therefore, studies on trophic cascades, hunting pressure, habitat loss, fragmentation effects, species invasion, and climate change effects will be possible with the Neotropical Xenarthrans data set. Please cite this data paper when using its data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using these data