Mutations of Bruton's tyrosine kinase gene in Brazilian patients with X-linked agammaglobulinemia

Mutations in Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) gene are responsible for X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA), which is characterized by recurrent bacterial infections, profound hypogammaglobulinemia, and decreased numbers of mature B cells in peripheral blood. We evaluated 5 male Brazilian patients, ranging from 3 to 10 years of age, from unrelated families, whose diagnosis was based on recurrent infections, markedly reduced levels of IgM, IgG and IgA, and circulating B cell numbers <2%. BTK gene analysis was carried out using PCR-SSCP followed by sequencing. We detected three novel (Ala347fsX55, I355T, and Thr324fsX24) and two previously reported mutations (Q196X and E441X). Flow cytometry revealed a reduced expression of BTK protein in patients and a mosaic pattern of BTK expression was obtained from mothers, indicating that they were XLA carriers

Mutations of bruton's tyrosine kinase gene in Brazilian patients with X-linked agammaglobulinemia

Mutations in Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) gene are responsible for X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA), which is characterized by recurrent bacterial infections, profound hypogammaglobulinemia, and decreased numbers of mature B cells in peripheral blood. We evaluated 5 male Brazilian patients, ranging from 3 to 10 years of age, from unrelated families, whose diagnosis was based on recurrent infections, markedly reduced levels of IgM, IgG and IgA, and circulating B cell numbers <2%. BTK gene analysis was carried out using PCR-SSCP followed by sequencing. We detected three novel (Ala347fsX55, I355T, and Thr324fsX24) and two previously reported mutations (Q196X and E441X). Flow cytometry revealed a reduced expression of BTK protein in patients and a mosaic pattern of BTK expression was obtained from mothers, indicating that they were XLA carriers439COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPESFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESPNão tem2008/54220-

The Impact Of Cystic Fibrosis On The Immunologic Profile Of Pediatric Patients

Objective: To compare the immunologic state of 44 pediatric patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) with a control group consisting of 16 healthy individuals. Methods: CF patients aged 3 to 12 years with moderate to good clinical score were selected for the study. Erythrocytic glutathione, production of reactive oxygen species, cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-8, IL-6, IL-10) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells cultures under spontaneous and BCG- or PHA-stimulated conditions, serum concentrations of TGF-β2, IgA, IgG, IgM, IgE, and salivary IgA were evaluated. Results: The spontaneous production of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10, the PHA-stimulated production of IL-6, and the serum TGF-β2, IgA, and IgG were increased in samples from CF patients. Healthy subjects had a higher production of TNF-α in response to BCG. Conclusion: Although CF patients appeared clinically stable, the results of their peripheral blood examinations demonstrated an impact on the immune system. Copyright © 2013 Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. All rights reserved.8914047O'Sullivan, B.P., Freedman, S.D., Cystic fibrosis (2009) Lancet, 373, pp. 1891-1904Cheung, J.C., Kim Chiaw, P., Pasyk, S., Bear, C.E., Molecular basis for the ATPase activity of CFTR (2008) Arch Biochem Biophys, 476, pp. 95-100Rottner, M., Freyssinet, J.M., Martínez, M.C., Mechanisms of the noxious inflammatory cycle in cystic fibrosis (2009) Respir Res, 10, p. 23Cohen, T.S., Prince, A., Cystic fibrosis: A mucosal immunodeficiency syndrome (2012) Nat Med, 18, pp. 509-519Beutler, E., (1986) Red Cell Metabolism, p. 126. , editor. New York: Churchill LivingstoneEmmendörffer, A., Hecht, M., Lohmann-Matthes, M.L., Roesler, J., A fast and easy method to determine the production of reactive oxygen intermediates by human and murine phagocytes using dihydrorhodamine 123 (1990) J Immunol Methods, 131, pp. 269-275Richardson, M.P., Ayliffe, M.J., Helbert, M., Davies, E.G., A simple flow cytometry assay using dihydrorhodamine for the measurement of the neutrophil respiratory burst in whole blood: Comparison with the quantitative nitrobluetetrazolium test (1998) J Immunol Methods, 219, pp. 187-193Gaines, H., Andersson, L., Biberfeld, G., A new method for measuring lymphoproliferation at the single-cell level in whole blood cultures by flow cytometry (1996) J Immunol Methods, 195, pp. 63-72Boncoeur, E., Criq, V.S., Bonvin, E., Roque, T., Henrion-Caude, A., Gruenert, D.C., Oxidative stress induces extracellular signalregulated kinase 1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase in cystic fibrosis lung epithelial cells: Potential mechanism for excessive IL-8 expression (2008) Int J Biochem Cell Biol, 40, pp. 432-446Mangione, S., Patel, D.D., Levin, B.R., Fiel, S.B., Erythrocytic glutathione in cystic fibrosis. A possible marker of pulmonary dysfunction (1994) Chest, 105, pp. 1470-1473Lands, L.C., Grey, V., Smountas, A.A., Kramer, V.G., McKenna, D., Lymphocyte glutathione levels in children with cystic fibrosis (1999) Chest, 116, pp. 201-205Gao, L., Kim, K.J., Yankaskas, J.R., Forman, H.J., Abnormal glutathione transport in cystic fibrosis airway epithelia (1999) Am J Physiol, 277, pp. L113-L118Norman, D., Elborn, J.S., Cordon, S.M., Rayner, R.J., Wiseman, M.S., Hiller, E.J., Plasma tumour necrosis factor alpha in cystic fibrosis (1991) Thorax, 46, pp. 91-95Balough, K., McCubbin, M., Weinberger, M., Smits, W., Ahrens, R., Fick, R., The relationship between infection and inflammation in the early stages of lung disease from cystic fibrosis (1995) Pediatr Pulmonol, 20, pp. 63-70Bonfield, T.L., Panuska, J.R., Konstan, M.W., Hilliard, K.A., Hilliard, J.B., Ghnaim, H., Inflammatory cytokines in cystic fibrosis lungs (1995) Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 152, pp. 2111-2118Osika, E., Cavaillon, J.M., Chadelat, K., Boule, M., Fitting, C., Tournier, G., Distinct sputum cytokine profiles in cystic fibrosis and other chronic inflammatory airway disease (1999) Eur Respir J, 14, pp. 339-346Karpati, F., Hjelte, F.L., Wretlind, B., TNF-alpha and IL-8 in consecutive sputum samples from cystic fibrosis patients during antibiotic treatment (2000) Scand J Infect Dis, 32, pp. 75-79Pukhalsky, A.L., Kapranov, N.I., Kalashnikova, E.A., Shmarina, G.V., Shabalova, L.A., Kokarovtseva, S.N., Inflammatory markers in cystic fibrosis patients with lung Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection (1999) Mediators Inflamm, 8, pp. 159-167Moser, C., Kjaergaard, S., Pressler, T., Kharazmi, A., Koch, C., Høiby, N., The immune response to chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection in cystic fibrosis patients is predominantly of the Th2 type (2000) APMIS, 108, pp. 329-335Wojnarowski, C., Frischer, T., Hofbauer, E., Grabner, C., Mosgoeller, W., Eichler, I., Cytokine expression in bronchial biopsies of cystic fibrosis patients with and without acute exacerbation (1999) Eur Respir J, 14, pp. 1136-1144Noah, T.L., Black, H.R., Cheng, P.W., Wood, R.E., Leigh, M.W., Nasal and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytokines in early cystic fibrosis (1997) J Infect Dis, 175, pp. 638-647Nixon, L.S., Yung, B., Bell, S.C., Elborn, J.S., Shale, D.J., Circulating immunoreactive interleukin-6 in cystic fibrosis (1998) Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 157, pp. 1764-1769Nichols, D., Chmiel, J., Berger, M., Chronic inflammation in the cystic fibrosis lung: Alterations in inter-and intracellular signaling (2008) Clin Rev Allergy Immunol, 34, pp. 146-162Moss, R.B., Bocian, R.C., Hsu, Y.P., Dong, Y.J., Kemna, M., Wei, T., Reduced IL-10 secretion by CD4+ T lymphocytes expressing mutant cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) (1996) Clin Exp Immunol, 106, pp. 374-388Rosensweig, J.N., Omori, M., Page, K., Potter, C.J., Perlman, E.J., Thorgeirsson, S.S., Transforming growth factor-beta1 in plasma and liver of children with liver disease (1998) Pediatr Res, 44, pp. 402-409South, M.A., Warwick, W.J., Wolheim, F.A., Good, R.A., The IgA system. 3. IgA levels in the serum and saliva of pediatric patients-evidence for a local immunological system (1967) J Pediatr, 71, pp. 645-653Gugler, E., Pallavicini, J.C., Swedlow, H., Zipkin, I., Agnese, P.A., Immunological studies of submaxillary saliva from patients with cystic fibrosis and from normal children (1968) J Pediatr, 73, pp. 548-559Hodson, M.E., Morris, L., Batten, J.C., Serum immunoglobulins and immunoglobulin G subclasses in cystic fibrosis related to the clinical state of the patient (1988) Eur Respir J, 1, pp. 701-705Matthews Jr., W.J., Williams, M., Oliphint, B., Geha, R., Colten, H.R., Hypogammaglobulinemia in patients with cystic fibrosis (1980) N Engl J Med, 302, pp. 245-249Wheeler, W.B., Williams, M., Matthews Jr., W.J., Colten, H.R., Progression of cystic fibrosis lung disease as a function of serum immunoglobulin G levels: A 5-year longitudinal study (1984) J Pediatr, 104, pp. 695-699Harrison, F., Microbial ecology of the cystic fibrosis lung (2007) Microbiology, 153, pp. 917-923Griffith, D.E., Aksamit, T., Brown-Elliott, B.A., Catanzaro, A., Daley, C., Gordin, F., An official ATS/IDSA statement: Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases (2007) Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 175, pp. 367-416Kremer, T.M., Zwerdling, R.G., Michelson, P.H., O'Sullivan, P., Intensive care management of the patient with cystic fibrosis (2008) J Intensive Care Med, 23, pp. 159-177Costerton, J.W., Stewart, P.S., Greenberg, E.P., Bacterial biofilms: A common cause of persistent infections (1999) Science, 284, pp. 1318-1322Ottenhoff, T.H., New pathways of protective and pathological host defense to mycobacteria (2012) Trends Microbiol, 20, pp. 419-428Pier, G.B., The challenges and promises of new therapies for cystic fibrosis (2012) J Exp Med, 209, pp. 1235-123

Quality Of Sleep And Quality Of Life In Adolescents Infected With Human Immunodeficiency Virus [qualidade Do Sono E Qualidade De Vida Em Adolescentes Infectados Pelo Vírus Da Imunodeficiência Humana]

Objectives: To assess sleep characteristics of adolescents infected by HIV, and to ascertain whether psychosocial aspects are associated to the quality of sleep. Methods: A cross-sectional study assessing 102 HIV-infected adolescents of both genders, aged between 10 and 20 years-old and 120 Controls. Data collection was performed by applying the Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, and the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory. Results: A sleep disturbance prevalence of 77.4% was found in patients, and a 75% prevalence in controls, and there was correlation between quality of sleep and of life. HIV-infected adolescents scored higher for sleep breathing disorders and had higher prevalence of excessive daytime sleepiness. Conclusions: HIV-infected adolescents had similar quality of sleep compared to healthy adolescents. This may be explained by the steady improvements in daily living as a result of successful anti-retroviral therapy, and by the vulnerability that affects Brazilian adolescents living in major urban centers.706422427Carskadon, M.A., Sleep in adolescents: The perfect storm (2011) Pediatr Clin North Am, 58, pp. 637-647Owens, J.A., Belon, K., Moss, P., Impact of delaying school start time on adolescent sleep, mood, and behavior (2010) Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 164, pp. 608-614de-la-Llata-Romero, M., Castorena-Maldonado, A., Corsi-Cabrera, M., Sleep medicine: Development, contributions and perspectives Report of the work group on sleep medicine (2011) Rev Invest Clin, 63, pp. 90-99Mindell, J.A., Owens, J., Alves, R., Give children and adolescents the gift of a good night's sleep: A call to action (2011) Sleep Med, 12, pp. 203-204Moore, M., Meltzer, L.J., The sleepy adolescent: Causes and consequences of sleepiness in teens (2008) Paediatr Respir Rev, 9, pp. 114-120(2010) Global report: UNAIDS report on the global AIDS epidemic, , http://www.unaids.org/globalreport/documents/20101123_GlobalReport_full_en.pdf, Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), [cited 16 May 2011]. Available at(2011) Ministério da Saúde 2010, , http://www.aids.gov.br/publicacao/boletim-epidemiologico-2010, Brasil, Departamento de DST, Aids e Hepatites Virais. Boletim Epidemiológico AIDS 2010 (versão preliminar). [cited 21 March]. Available atHazra, R., Siberry, G.K., Mofenson, L.M., Growing up with HIV: Children, adolescents, and young adults with perinatally acquired HIV infection (2010) Ann Rev Med, 61, pp. 169-185Ramos, A.N., Matida, L.H., Hearst, N., Heukelbach, J., AIDS in Brazilian children: History, surveillance, antiretroviral therapy, and epidemiologic transition, 1984-2008 (2011) AIDS Patient Care STDS, 25, pp. 245-255Franck, L.S., Johnson, L.M., Lee, K., Sleep disturbances in children with human immunodeficiency virus infection (1999) Pediatrics, 104, pp. 1-5Reid, S., Dwyer, J., Insomnia in HIV Infection: A systematic review of prevalence, correlates and management (2005) Psychosomatic Med, 67, pp. 260-269Rocha, C.R.S., Rossini, S., Reimão, R., Sleep disorders in high school and pre-university students (2010) Arq Neuropsiquiatr, 68, pp. 903-907Mesquita, G., Reimão, R., Nightly use of computer by adolescents: Its effect on quality of sleep (2007) Arq Neuropsiquiatr, 65, pp. 428-432Varni, J.W., Seid, M., Rode, C.A., The PedsQL: Measurement model for the pediatric quality of life inventory (1999) Med Care, 37, pp. 126-139(2009) Ministério da Saúde, , Brasil, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Programa Nacional de DST e Aids. Recomendações para Terapia Antirretroviral em Crianças e Adolescentes Infectados polo HIV. Manual de bolso. Ministério da Saúde, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Programa Nacional de DST e Aids. Brasília: Ministério da SaúdeBruni, O., Salvatori, O., Guidetti, V., The sleep disturbance scale for children (SDSC) Construction and validation of an instrument to evaluate sleep disturbances in childhood and adolescence (1996) J Sleep Res, 5, pp. 251-261Johns, M.W., A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness: The Epworth sleepiness scale (1991) Sleep, 14, pp. 540-545Ferreira, V.R., Carvalho, L.B.C., Ruotolo, F., Morais, J.F., Prado, L.B.F., Prado, G.F., Sleep disturbance scale for children: Translation, cultural adaptation and validation (2009) Sleep Med, 10, pp. 457-463Bertolazi, N.A., Fagondes, S.C., Hoff, L.S., Pedro, V.D., Barreto, S.S.M., Johns, M.W., Validação da escala de sonolência de Epworth em português para uso no Brasil (2009) J Bras Pneumol, 35, pp. 877-883Klatchoian, D.A., Len, C.A., Terreri, M.T., Quality of life of children and adolescents from São Paulo: Reliability and validity of the Brazilian version of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory TM version 4.0 Generic Core Scales (2008) J Pediatr (Rio J), 84, pp. 308-315Potasz, C., Juliano, M.L., Varela, M.J., Prevalence of sleep disorders in children of a public hospital in São Paulo (2010) Arq Neuropsiquiatr, 68, pp. 235-241Carotenuto, M., Bruni, O., Santoro, N., Giudice, E.M., Perrone, L., Pascotto, A., Waist circumference predicts the occurrence of sleep-disordered breathing in obese children and adolescents: A questionnaire-based study (2006) Sleep Med, 7, pp. 357-361Ramalho, L.C.B., Gonçalves, E.M., Carvalho, W.R.G., Abnormalities in body composition and nutritional status in HIV-infected children and adolescents on antiretroviral therapy (2011) Int J STD AIDS, 22, pp. 453-456Chan, E.Y., Ng, D.K., Chan, C.H., Modified Epworth Sleepiness Scale in Chinese children with obstructive sleep apnea: A retrospective study (2009) Sleep Breath, 13, pp. 59-63Melendres, M.C., Lutz, J.M., Rubin, E.D., Marcus, C.L., Daytime sleepiness and hyperactivity in children with suspected sleep-disordered breathing (2004) Pediatrics, 114, pp. 768-775van Litsenburg, R.R., Huisman, J., Hoogerbrugge, P.M., Egeler, R.M., Kaspers, G.J., Gemke, R.J., Impaired sleep affects quality of life in children during maintenance treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia: An exploratory study (2011) Health Qual Life Outcomes, 18, pp. 9-25Erickson, J.M., Beck, S.L., Christian, B.R., Fatigue, sleep-wake disturbances, and quality of life in adolescents receiving chemotherapy (2011) J Pediatr Hematol Oncol, 33, pp. 17-25Mitchell, R.B., Boss, E.F., Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea in obese and normal-weight children: Impact of adenotonsillectomy on quality-of-life and behavior (2009) Dev Neuropsychol, 34, pp. 650-661Crabtree, V.M., Varni, J.W., Gozal, D., Health-related quality of life and depressive symptoms in children with suspected sleep-disordered breathing (2004) Sleep, 27, pp. 1131-1138Ong, L.C., Yang, W.W., Wong, S.W., Alsissiq, F., Khu, Y.S., Sleep habits and disturbances in Malaysian children with epilepsy (2010) J Paediatr Child Health, 46, pp. 80-8

Clinical Trials Field Strategies With Novel Vaccines Produced In Brazil [estratégias De Campo Em Ensaios Clínicos Com Novas Vacinas Produzidas No Brasil]

Objective: To report field strategies applied to clinical trials with vaccines developed by Instituto Butantan in Campinas, Brazil, in 2004 and 2006. Methods: This report describes the planning and the operational issues of two clinical trials conducted to evaluate immunogenicity and safety of recombinant Hepatitis B vaccine combined with BCG vaccine (BCG/VrHB-IB) and quadrivalent diphteria-tetanus-Haemophilus influenzae type b-cellular pertussis vaccine with low lipopolysaccharide (DTPm/Hib). Results: The main field strategies applied were: a) Partnership between the researchers and managers from Municipal Health Department and b) Research procedures at home or in Health Centers attended by participants. In the first study, BCG vaccine and VrHB-IB (combined or separated) were given to 552 newborns in the maternity, followed by two subsequent doses of VrHB-IB vaccine in households. The second study included 241 infants at Health Centers, which were vaccinated with DTPm/Hib vaccines concomitantly to the others recommended by the National Immunization Program. In both studies, blood samples were taken at home. No adverse events occurred during the experimental period. The field strategies used in those clinical trials allowed adherence by 90.2 and 93.8% of the participants of the first and second study, respectively. The vaccines were given according to the recommendation of National Immunization Program and blood samples were obtained according to the protocol schedules. Conclusions: The field strategies were important to guarantee enrollment and protocol compliance, causing little interference in families' daily routine, pediatrics appointments and children's vaccine.302202209Temporão, J.G., Nascimento, M.V., Maia, M.L., Programa Nacional de Imunizações (PNI): História, avaliação e perspectivas (2005) Vacinas, Soros & Imunizações No Brasil, pp. 101-123. , In: Buss PM, Temporão JG, Carvalheiro JR, editors, Rio de Janeiro: FiocruzCoordenadoria Geral Do Programa Nacional De Imunizações, , http://www.saude.gov.br/svs, Brasil. Ministério da Saúde [homepage on the Internet], cited 2010 Oct 18, Available from(2001) Manual De Procedimentos Para Vacinação, , Brasil. Ministério da SaúdeFundação Nacional de Saúde, 4th ed. Brasília: Ministério da SaúdeFundação Nacional de SaúdePonte, C.F., Vaccination, quality control, and vaccine production in Brazil since 1960 (2003) Hist Cienc Saude Manquinhos, 10 (2 SUPPL.), pp. S619-S653Temporão, J.G., Brazil's national immunization program: Origins and development (2003) Hist Cienc Saude Manquinhos, 10 (2 SUPPL.), pp. S601-S617Clemens, S.C., Azevedo, T., Homma, A., Feasibility study of the immunogenicity and safety of a novel DTPw/Hib (PRP-T) Brazilian combination compared to a licensed vaccine in healthy children at 2, 4, and 6 months of age (2003) Rev Soc Bras Med Trop, 36, pp. 321-330Martins, R.M., Bensabath, G., Arraes, L.C., Oliveira, M.L., Miguel, J.C., Barbosa, G.G., Multicenter study on the immunogenicity and safety of two recombinant vaccines against hepatitis B (2004) Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, 99, pp. 865-871Costa, W.A., Cunha, R.S., Bolzan, V.L., Silva, A.C., Caporale, G.M., Chaves, L.B., Immunogenicity and safety of a new Vero cell rabies vaccine produced using serum-free medium (2007) Vaccine, 25, pp. 8140-8145Martins, R.M., Camacho, L.A., Marcovistz, R., Noronha, T.G., Maia, M.L., Santos, E.M., Immunogenicity, reactogenicity and consistency of production of a Brazilian combined vaccine against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and Haemophilus influenzae type b (2008) Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, 103, pp. 711-718Barros, F.C., Victora, C.G., Horta, B.L., Gigante, D.P., Methodology of the Pelotas birth cohort study from 1982 to 2004-5, Southern Brazil (2008) Rev Saude Publica, 42 (2 SUPPL.), pp. 7-15Victora, C.G., Barros, F.C., Tomasi, E., Menezes, A.M., Horta, B.L., Weiderpass, E., Trends and defferentials in maternal and child health: Design and methodology of the 1982 and 1993 birth cohort studies in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul (1996) Cad Saude Publica, 12 (1 SUPPL.), pp. S7-S14Luna, E.J., Moraes, J.C., Silveira, L., Salinas, H.S., Efficacy and safety of the Brazilian vaccine against hepatitis B in newborns (2009) Rev Saude Publica, 43, pp. 1014-1020Moraes, J.C., Luna, E.J., Grimaldi, R.A., Immunogenicity of the Brazilian hepatitis B vaccine in adults (2010) Rev Saude Publica, 44, pp. 353-359Mazzola, T.N., Silva, M.T., Moreno, Y.M., Lima, S.C., Carniel, E.F., Morcillo, A.M., Robust gammadelta+ T cell expansion in infants immunized at birth with BCG vaccine (2007) Vaccine, 25, pp. 6313-6320Carniel, E.F., Morcillo, A.M., Blotta, M.H., Silva, M.T., Mazzola, T.N., Antonio, M.A., Immunogenicity and safety of combined intradermal recombinant Hepatitis B with BCG vaccines at birth (2008) Vaccine, 26, pp. 647-652Zorzeto, T.Q., Higashi, H.G., Silva, M.T., Carniel, E.F., Dias, W.O., Ramalho, V.D., Immunogenicity of a whole-cell pertussis vaccine with low lipopolysaccharide content in infants (2009) Clin Vaccine Immunol, 16, pp. 544-550Campinas: Secretaria Municipal De Planejamento, , http://www.campinas.sp.gov.br/governo/seplama/dados-do-municipio/cidade, Brasil Prefeitura Municipal de Campinas [homepage on the Internet], Desenvolvimento Urbano e Meio Ambiente [cited 2010 Aug 20]. Available from:(2010) Campinas: Secretaria Municipal De Saúde, , http://2009.campinas.sp.gov.br/saude, Brasil. Prefeitura Municipal de Campinas [homepage on the Internet], Aug 20, Available from(1992), http://www.cve.saude.sp.gov.br, Brasil - Governo do Estado de São Paulo [homepage on the Internet]. São Paulo: Centro de Vigilância Epidemiológica Professor Alexandre Vranjac - Manual de Procedimentos para Treinamentos: teste tuberculínico e vacina BCGid, cited 2010 Oct 18, Available from(2007) Manual De Rede De Frio, , Brasil. Ministério da SaúdeFundação Nacional da Saúde, Brasília: Ministério da Saúde(2007) Manual De Eventos Adversos Pós-imunizações, , Brasil. Ministério da SaúdeFundação Nacional da Saúde, Brasília: Ministério da SaúdeFewtrell, M.S., Kennedy, K., Singhal, A., Martin, R.M., Ness, A., Hadders-Algra, M., How much loss to follow-up is acceptable in long-term randomised trials and prospective studies? (2008) Arch Dis Child, 93, pp. 458-461Baldy, J.L., Lima, G.Z., Morimoto, H.K., Reiche, E.M., Matsuo, T., de Mattos, E.D., Immunogenicity of three recombinant hepatitis B vaccines administered to students in three doses containing half the antigen amount routinely used for adult vaccination (2004) Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo, 46, pp. 103-107Oliveira, M.D., Martins, R.M., Matos, M.A., Ferreira, R.C., Dias, M.A., Carneiro, M.A., Seroepidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection and high rate of response to hepatitis B virus Butang® vaccine in adolescents from low income families in Central Brazil (2006) Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, 101, pp. 251-256Isolani, A.P., Sversuti, C.S., Sell, A.M., Moliterno, R.A., Protection against hepatitis B by the Butang recombinant vaccine in newborn children in South Brazil (2006) Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, 101, pp. 551-553Ehreth, J., The global value of vaccination (2003) Vaccine, 21, pp. 596-60

Antenatal Maternal Corticosteroid Administration And Markers Of Oxidative Stress And Inflammation In Umbilical Cord Blood From Very Low Birth Weight Preterm Newborn Infants

Objective: To investigate the association between antenatal maternal corticosteroid administration and blood levels of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI), reduced glutathione (GR) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in preterm, very low birth weight infants. Methods: This was a cohort study in which cord blood samples were used for the following tests: baseline and stimulated granulocyte ROI were measured by flow cytometry; GR was assayed by spectrophotometry; and IL-6 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Two different comparative analyses of antenatal corticosteroid (betamethasone) were conducted: the first compared administration against no administration and the second compared mothers who received the complete cycle with those given only a partial antenatal corticosteroid cycle. Maternal and neonatal variables were analyzed in order to compare groups. Categorical variables were compared using the chi-square or Fischer tests, and blood marker test results were compared using the Mann-Whitney test. Results: The different corticoid therapy groups were similar in terms of all of the maternal and neonatal variables with the exception of vaginal delivery, which was significantly associated with not receiving antenatal corticosteroid. The results for ROI, GR and IL-6 did not differ when the comparison was based on simple presence or absence of administration of the steroid. However, when the complete cycle was compared against incomplete administration, median ROI and IL-6 were lower among those given the complete cycle. Conclusion: Administration of the complete cycle of betamethasone to the mother had a suppressive effect on baseline ROI and IL-6 production in very low birth weight preterm newborn infants. Copyright © by Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria.8816166Miracle, X., Di, R.G.C., Stark, A., Fanaroff, A., Carbonell-Estrany, X., Saling, E., Guideline for the use of antenatal corticosteroids for fetal maturation (2008) Journal of Perinatal Medicine, 36 (3), pp. 191-196. , DOI 10.1515/JPM.2008.032Roberts, D., Dalziel, S., Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth (2006) Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 3. , CD004454Mwansa-Kambafwile, J., Cousens, S., Hansen, T., Lawn, J.E., Antenatal steroids in preterm labour for the prevention of neonatal deaths due to complications of preterm birth (2010) Int J Epidemiol, 39, pp. i122-i133Buonocore, G., Perrone, S., Longini, M., Vezzosi, P., Marzocchi, B., Paffetti, P., Bracci, R., Oxidative stress in preterm neonates at birth and on the seventh day of life (2002) Pediatric Research, 52 (1), pp. 46-49. , DOI 10.1203/01.PDR.0000016664.46604.01Saugstad, O.D., Oxidative stress in the newborn - A 30-year perspective (2005) Biology of the Neonate, 88 (3), pp. 228-236. , DOI 10.1159/000087586Gitto, E., Reiter, R.J., Karbownik, M., Tan, D.-X., Gitto, P., Barberi, S., Barberi, I., Causes of oxidative stress in the pre- and perinatal period (2002) Biology of the Neonate, 81 (3), pp. 146-157. , DOI 10.1159/000051527Davis, J.M., Auten, R.L., Maturation of the antioxidant system and the effects on preterm birth (2010) Semin Fetal Neonatal Med, 15, pp. 191-195Dandona, P., Thusu, K., Hafeez, R., Abdel-Rahman, E., Chaudhuri, A., Effect of hydrocortisone on oxygen free radical generation by mononuclear cells (1998) Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental, 47 (7), pp. 788-791. , DOI 10.1016/S0026-0495(98)90113-5Kramer, B.W., Ikegami, M., Moss, T.J.M., Nitsos, I., Newnham, J.P., Jobe, A.H., Antenatal Betamethasone Changes Cord Blood Monocyte Responses to Endotoxin in Preterm Lambs (2004) Pediatric Research, 55 (5), pp. 764-768. , DOI 10.1203/01.PDR.0000120678.72485.19Trindade, C.E., Rugolo, L.M., Free radicals and neonatal diseases (2007) NeoReviews, 8, pp. e522-e531Perrone, S., Negro, S., Tataranno, M.L., Buonocore, G., Oxidative stress and antioxidant strategies in newborns (2010) J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med, 23, pp. 63-65Beutler, E., (1986) Red Cell Metabolism, p. 126. , New York: Churchill LivingstonePenna, S.P., (1995) Níveis de GR e Atividade Da Catalase, Superóxido Dismutase e Glicose-6-fosfato Desidrogenase Em Indivíduos Expostos Ao Vapor de Mercúrio, , [dissertação]. Campinas: Universidade Estadual de CampinasRichardson, M.P., Ayliffe, M.J., Helbert, M., Davies, E.G., A simple flow cytometry assay using dihydrorhodamine for the measurement of the neutrophil respiratory burst in whole blood: Comparison with the quantitative nitrobluetetrazolium test (1998) Journal of Immunological Methods, 219 (1-2), pp. 187-193. , DOI 10.1016/S0022-1759(98)00136-7, PII S0022175998001367Thomas, W., Speer, C.P., Chorioamnionitis: Important risk factor or innocent bystander for neonatal outcome (2011) Neonatology, 99, pp. 177-187Alexander, G.R., Himes, J.H., Kaufman, R.B., Mor, J., Kogan, M., A United States National reference for fetal growth (1996) Obstetrics and Gynecology, 87 (2 I), pp. 163-168. , DOI 10.1016/0029-7844(95)00386-Xwww.redeneonatal.fiocruz, br. Access: 19/07/2011Chien, L.-Y., Ohlsson, A., Seshia, M.M.K., Boulton, J., Sankaran, K., Lee, S.K., Variations in antenatal corticosteroid therapy: A persistent problem despite 30 years of evidence (2002) Obstetrics and Gynecology, 99 (3), pp. 401-408. , DOI 10.1016/S0029-7844(01)01732-X, PII S002978440101732XDi, R.G.C., Al, S.E., Mattei, A., Koutras, I., Clerici, G., Use of tocolytics: What is the benefit of gaining 48 hours for the fetus? (2006) BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 113 (SUPPL. 3), pp. 72-77. , DOI 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2006.01127.xBehrman, R.E., Butler, A.S., (2007) Preterm Birth: Causes, Consequences, and Prevention, , Institute of Medicine, Committee on Understanding Premature Birth and Assuring Healthy Outcomes, eds. Washington: National Academies PressNewburger, P.E., Superoxide generation by human fetal granulocytes (1982) Pediatric Research, 16 (5), pp. 373-376Strauss, R.G., Snyder, E.L., Activation and activity of the superoxide-generating system of neutrophils from human infants (1983) Pediatric Research, 17 (8), pp. 662-664Citarella, B.V., Miskolci, V., Vancurova, I., Davidson, D., Interleukin-10 versus dexamethasone: Effects on polymorphonuclear leukocyte functions of the newborn (2009) Pediatr Res, 65, pp. 425-429Coldren, C.D., Nick, J.A., Poch, K.R., Woolum, M.D., Fouty, B.W., O'Brien, J.M., Gruber, M.P., Geraci, M.W., Functional and genomic changes induced by alveolar transmigration in human neutrophils (2006) American Journal of Physiology - Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, 291 (6), pp. L1267-L1276. , http://ajplung.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/291/6/L1267, DOI 10.1152/ajplung.00097.2006Te Braake, F.W., Schierbeek, H., De Groof, K., Vermes, A., Longini, M., Buonocore, G., Glutathione synthesis rates after amino acid administration directly after birth in preterm infants (2008) Am J Clin Nutr, 88, pp. 333-339Rook, D., Te Braake, F.W., Schierbeek, H., Longini, M., Buonocore, G., Van Goudoever, J.B., Glutathione synthesis rates in early postnatal life (2010) Pediatr Res, 67, pp. 407-411Gomez, R., Romero, R., Ghezzi, F., Bo, H.Y., Mazor, M., Berry, S.M., The fetal inflammatory response syndrome (1998) American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 179 (1), pp. 194-202Yoon, B.H., Romero, R., Park, J.S., Kim, M., Oh, S.Y., Kim, C.J., The relationship among inflammatory lesions of the umbilical cord (funisitis), umbilical cord plasma interleukin 6 concentration, amniotic fluid infection, and neonatal sepsis (2000) Am J Obstet Gynecol, 183, pp. 1124-1129Kavelaars, A., Van Der, P.G., Bakker, J.M., Van Hasselt, P.M., Cats, B., Visser, G.H.A., Heijnen, C.J., Altered immune function in human newborns after prenatal administration of betamethasone: Enhanced natural killer cell activity and decreased T cell proliferation in cord blood (1999) Pediatric Research, 45 (3), pp. 306-312Arad, I., Bar-Oz, B., Ergaz, Z., Nir, A., Barak, V., Interleukin-6 and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide cord blood levels in premature infants: Correlations with perinatal variables (2010) Isr Med Assoc J., 12, pp. 419-42

Impaired Bacillus Calmette-guérin Cellular Immune Response In Hiv-exposed, Uninfected Infants

OBJECTIVE:: To evaluate cell-mediated immune response to Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination in uninfected, HIV-1-exposed infants, comparing it with unexposed children. DESIGN:: It is designed as a cross-sectional study. METHODS:: BCG-specific lymphoproliferation and T-cell subsets (CD4, CD8 and TCR γδ) by flow cytometry and interleukin-10, interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) concentration by ELISA were analyzed in HIV-exposed and unexposed infants. Whole blood lymphocyte immunophenotyping and blood counts were performed in exposed children. Nonparametric tests were used (P < 0.05). RESULTS:: Given the ontogeny of the immune system, exposed infants were separated into three groups according to age: exposed 1 (E1, aged 6.1-8.8 months), E2 (aged 9.1-17.1 months) and E3 (aged 18.1-26.3 months). Unexposed infants (UE group) and E1 were matched for age. Cell proliferation was not different among the three exposed groups, neither for BCG nor for phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated cultures. Furthermore, BCG-stimulated lymphoproliferation was reduced in the E1 group in comparison with the UE group. T-lymphocyte subpopulations also showed differences, with the youngest HIV-exposed groups (E1 and E2) showing a predominant proliferation of CD4 T cells in cultures with BCG, whereas E3 and UE groups had a robust γδ T-cell expansion. There was lower IFN-γ concentration in the samples from E1 group in comparison with all of the other groups. The unexposed infants showed higher TNF-α concentration in cultures with BCG and PHA in comparison with E1 group. CONCLUSION:: BCG-specific T-cell proliferation was reduced in HIV-exposed uninfected infants and IFN-γ concentration was lower in younger exposed infants, showing a delay in immune system maturation of HIV-exposed infants. © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.251720792087Thorne, C., Newell, M.-L., Epidemiology of HIV infection in the newborn (2000) Early Human Development, 58 (1), pp. 1-16. , DOI 10.1016/S0378-3782(00)00049-9, PII S0378378200000499Hawkins, D., Blott, M., Clayden, P., De Ruiter, A., Foster, G., Gilling-Smith, C., Gosrani, B., Taylor, G., Guidelines for the management of HIV infection in pregnant women and the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (2005) HIV Medicine, 6 (SUPPL. 2), pp. 107-148Amaral, E., Assis-Gomes, F., Milanez, H., Cecatti, J.G., Vilela, M.M., Pinto E Silva, J.L., Timely implementation of interventions to reduce vertical HIV transmission: A successful experience in Brazil (2007) Revista Panamericana de Salud Publica/Pan American Journal of Public Health, 21 (6), pp. 357-364. , http://www.scielosp.org/pdf/rpsp/v21n6/03.pdfRich, K.C., Siegel, J.N., Jennings, C., Rydman, R.J., Landay, A.L., CD4+ lymphocytes in perinatal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection: Evidence for pregnancy-induced immune depression in uninfected and HIV-infected women (1995) Journal of Infectious Diseases, 172 (5), pp. 1221-1227Chougnet, C., Kovacs, A., Baker, R., Mueller, B.U., Luban, N.L.C., Liewehr, D.J., Steinberg, S.M., Shearer, G.M., Influence of human immunodeficiency virus-infected maternal environment on development of infant interleukin-12 production (2000) Journal of Infectious Diseases, 181 (5), pp. 1590-1597. , DOI 10.1086/315458Pacheco, S.E., McIntosh, K., Lu, M., Mofenson, L.M., Diaz, C., Foca, M., Frederick, M., Shearer, W.T., Effect of perinatal antiretroviral drug exposure on hematologic values in HIV-uninfected children: An analysis of the women and infants transmission study (2006) Journal of Infectious Diseases, 194 (8), pp. 1089-1097. , DOI 10.1086/507645Ono, E., Nunes Dos Santos, A.M., De Menezes Succi, R.C., MacHado, D.M., De Angelis, D.S., Salomaõ, R., Imbalance of naive and memory T lymphocytes with sustained high cellular activation during the first year of life from uninfected children born to HIV-1-infected mothers on HAART (2008) Braz J Med Biol Res, 41, pp. 700-708Connor, E.M., Sperling, R.S., Gelber, R., Kiselev, P., Scott, G., O'Sullivan, M.J., Vandyke, R., Balsley, J., Reduction of maternal-infant transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with zidovudine treatment (1994) New England Journal of Medicine, 331 (18), pp. 1173-1180. , DOI 10.1056/NEJM199411033311801Gesner, M., Papaevangelou, V., Kim, M., Chen, S.-H., Moore, T., Krasinski, K., Borkowsky, W., Alteration in the proportion of CD4 T lymphocytes in a subgroup of human immunodeficiency virus-exposed-uninfected children (1994) Pediatrics, 93 (4), pp. 624-630Clerici, M., Saresella, M., Colombo, F., Fossati, S., Sala, N., Bricalli, D., T-lymphocyte maturation abnormalities in uninfected newborns and children with vertical exposure to HIV (2000) Blood, 96, pp. 3866-3871Silva, E.B., Grotto, H.Z.W., Vilela, M.M.S., Clinical aspects and complete blood counts in children exposed to HIV-1: Comparison between infected patients and seroreverters (2001) J Pediatr (Rio J), 77, pp. 503-511Le Chenadec, J., Mayaux, M.-J., Guihenneuc-Jouyaux, C., Blanche, S., Perinatal antiretroviral treatment and hematopoiesis in HIV-uninfected infants (2003) AIDS, 17 (14), pp. 2053-2061. , DOI 10.1097/00002030-200309260-00006Bunders, M., Cortina-Borja, M., Thorne, C., Kuijpers, T., Newell, M.-L., Levels and patterns of neutrophil cell counts over the first 8 years of life in children of HIV-1-infected mothers (2004) AIDS, 18 (15), pp. 2009-2017. , DOI 10.1097/00002030-200410210-00005Bunders, M., Bekker, V., Scherpbier, H., Boer, K., Godfried, M., Kuijpers, T., Haematological parameters of HIV-1-uninfected infants born to HIV-1-infected mothers (2005) Acta Paediatrica, International Journal of Paediatrics, 94 (11), pp. 1571-1577. , DOI 10.1080/08035250510042951, PII N20X061437245Bunders, M., Thorne, C., Newell, M.L., Maternal and infant factors and lymphocyte, CD4 and CD8 cell counts in uninfected children of HIV-1-infected mothers (2005) AIDS, 19 (10), pp. 1071-1079El Beitune, P., Duarte, G., Antiretroviral agents during pregnancy: Consequences on hematologic parameters in HIV-exposed, uninfected newborn infant (2006) European Journal of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 128 (1-2), pp. 59-63. , DOI 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2006.01.013, PII S0301211506000509Rich, K.C., Siegel, J.N., Jennings, C., Rydman, R.J., Landay, A.L., Function and phenotype of immature CD4 + lymphocytes in healthy infants and early lymphocyte activation in uninfected infants of human immunodeficiency virus-infected mothers (1997) Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology, 4 (3), pp. 358-361Miyamoto, M., Pessoa, S.D., Ono, E., MacHado, D.M., Salomaõ, R., Succi, R.C., Low CD4R T-cell levels and B-cell apoptosis in vertically HIV-exposed noninfected children and adolescents (2010) J Trop Pediatr, 56, pp. 427-432Jackson, K.M., Nazar, A.M., Breastfeeding, the immuneresponse, and long-term health (2006) J Am Osteopath Assoc, 106, pp. 203-207De Moraes-Pinto, M.I., Verhoeff, F., Chimsuku, L., Milligan, P.J.M., Wesumperuma, L., Broadhead, R.L., Brabin, B.J., Hart, C.A., Placental antibody transfer: Influence of maternal HIV infection and placental malaria (1998) Archives of Disease in Childhood: Fetal and Neonatal Edition, 79 (3), pp. F202-F205Hesseling, A.C., Cotton, M.F., Fordham Von Reyn, C., Graham, S.M., Gie, R.P., Hussey, G.D., Consensus statement on the revised World Health Organization recommendations for BCG vaccination in HIV-infected infants (2008) Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 12, pp. 1376-1379(2010) Global Tuberculosis Control: WHO Report 2010, , World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO PressBorkowsky, W., Rigaud, M., Krasinski, K., Moore, T., Lawrence, R., Pollack, H., Cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus during the first four years of life (1992) J Pediatr, 120, pp. 371-375Ota, M.O.C., O'Donovan, D., Marchant, A., Yamuah, L., Harding, E., Jaffar, S., McAdam, K.P.W.J., Whittle, H., HIV-negative infants born to HIV-1 but not HIV-2-positive mothers fail to develop a Bacillus Calmette-Guerin scar [4] (1999) AIDS, 13 (8), pp. 996-998. , DOI 10.1097/00002030-199905280-00020Mazzola, T.N., Da Silva, M.T., Moreno, Y.M., Lima, S.C., Carniel, E.F., Morcillo, A.M., Robust gdR T cell expansion in infants immunized at birth with BCG vaccine (2007) Vaccine, 25, pp. 6313-6620(2006) WHO Child Growth Standards: Length/height-for-age, Weight-for-age, Weight-for-length, Weightfor-height and Body Mass Index-for-age: Methods and Development, , World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland: pyO PressBCG vaccination and pediatric HIV infection: Rwanda, 1988-1990 (1991) MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 40, pp. 833-836. , Centers for Disease ControlMiles, D.J., Gadama, L., Gumbi, A., Nyalo, F., Makanani, B., Heyderman, R.S., Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection during pregnancy induces CD4 T-cell differentiation and modulates responses to Bacille Calmette- Guérin (BCG) vaccine in HIVuninfected infants (2009) Immunology, 129, pp. 446-454Wasik, T.J., Bratosiewicz, J., Wierzbicki, A., Whiteman, V.E., Rutstein, R.R., Starr, S.E., Douglas, S.D., Kozbor, D., Protective role of β-chemokines associated with HIV-specific Th responses against perinatal HIV transmission (1999) Journal of Immunology, 162 (7), pp. 4355-4364Van Rie, A., Madhi, S.A., Heera, J.R., Meddows-Taylor, S., Wendelboe, A.M., Anthony, F., Violari, A., Tiemessen, C.T., Gamma interferon production in response to Mycobacterium bovis BCG and Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens in infants born to human immunodeficiency virus-infected mothers (2006) Clinical and Vaccine Immunology, 13 (2), pp. 246-252. , DOI 10.1128/CVI.13.2.246-252.2006Mansoor, N., Scriba, T.J., De Kock, M., Tameris, M., Abel, B., Keyser, A., HIV-1 infection in infants severely impairs the immune response induced by Bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccine (2009) J Infect Dis, 199, pp. 982-990Kuhn, L., Coutsoudis, A., Moodley, D., Mngqundaniso, N., Trabattoni, D., Shearer, G.M., Clerici, M., Coovadia, H.M., Interferon-gamma and interleukin-10 production among HIV-1-infected and uninfected infants of HIV-1-infected mothers (2001) Pediatric Research, 50 (3), pp. 412-416Pabst, H.F., Godel, J., Grace, M., Cho, H., Spady, D.W., Effect of breast-feeding on immune response to BCG vaccination (1989) Lancet, 1 (8633), pp. 295-297Hahn-Zoric, M., Fulconis, F., Minoli, I., Moro, G., Carlsson, B., Bottiger, M., Antibody responses to parenteral and oral vaccines are impaired by conventional and low protein formulas as compared to breast-feeding (1990) Acta Paediatr Scand, 79, pp. 1137-1142Pabst, H.F., Spady, D.W., Effect of breast-feeding on antibody response to conjugate vaccine (1990) Lancet, 336 (8710), pp. 269-270. , DOI 10.1016/0140-6736(90)91802-HVesikari, T., Ruuska, T., Delem, A., Andre, F.E., Oral rotavirus vaccination in breast- and bottle-fed infants aged 6 to 12 months (1986) Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica, 75 (4), pp. 573-578Scheifele, D., Bjornson, G.J., Guasparini, R., Friesen, B., Meekison, W., Breastfeeding and antibody responses to routine vaccination in infants (1992) Lancet, 340, p. 1406Mbori-Ngacha, D., Nduati, R., John, G., Reilly, M., Richardson, B., Mwatha, A., Ndinya-Achola, J., Kreiss, J., Morbidity and mortality in breastfed and formula-fed infants of HIV-1-infected women: A randomized clinical trial (2001) Journal of the American Medical Association, 286 (19), pp. 2413-2420Slogrove, A.L., Cotton, M.F., Esser, M.M., Severe infections in HIVexposed uninfected infants: Clinical evidence of immunodeficiency (2010) J Trop Pediatr, 56, pp. 75-81Kuhn, L., Meddows-Taylor, S., Gray, G., Tiemessen, C., Human immunodefidency virus (HIV) - Specific cellular immune responses in newborns exposed to HIV in utero (2002) Clinical Infectious Diseases, 34 (2), pp. 267-276. , DOI 10.1086/338153Hygino, J., Lima, P.G., Filho, R.G., Silva, A.A., Saramago, C.S., Andrade, R.M., Altered immunological reactivity in HIV-1-exposed uninfected neonates (2008) Clin Immunol, 127, pp. 340-347Faye, A., Pornprasert, S., Mary, J.-Y., Dolcini, G., Derrien, M., Barre-Sinoussi, F., Chaouat, G., Menu, E., Characterization of the main placental cytokine profiles from HIV-1-infected pregnant women treated with anti-retroviral drugs in France (2007) Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 149 (3), pp. 430-439. , DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03411.

Prevalence Of Hiv-1 Subtypes In Brazilian Children With Perinatally Acquired Infection

HIV-1 infection has increased among women in recent years. The HIV-1 env gene (structural gene) has the greatest variation in all the HIV gene regions. In this study, 58 samples from infants infected with HIV-1 via perinatal transmission were analyzed. All the 58 samples were submitted to Nested-polymerase chain reaction of the env gene region for posterior viral genotyping using EN 70 and EN 85 (first polymerase chain reaction) and EN 80 and EN 95 (second polymerase chain reaction) primers, with the product of the 682 base pair amplification. After Nested-polymerase chain reaction for genotyping, purification of the product, and direct sequencing in a MegaBace 1000 automatic sequencer, 56 genotypes were found in the 58 HIV-1-positive children of the study, where 47 (83.93%) were HIV-1 subtype B infected and 9 (16.07%) were HIV-1 subtype F1 infected. The results demonstrate the predominance of subtype B followed by subtype F in Southeast Brazil. © 2009 Sage Publications.82106112Richtmann, R., (1999) Prevenção da Transmissão Vertical Do HIV. Infectividade: Informativo de Epidemiologia Hospitalar, p. 3. , Sao Paulo, p. Dez / Jan;Boisson, E., Nicoll, A., Zaba, B., Rodrigues, L.C., Interpreting HIV seroprevalence data from pregnant women (1996) J Acquir Immun Defic Syndr, 13, pp. 34-439Bulterys, M., Goedert, J.J., From biology to sexual behaviour - Towards the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (1996) AIDS, 10 (11), pp. 1287-1289Luciw, P.A., Human immunodeficiency viruses and their replication (1996) Fundamental Virology, pp. 845-916. , Fields BN, Howley PM, Knipe DM, eds. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven Publishers;Castro, B.M., Ferreira, O.C., Bongertz, V., Vacinas contra HIV/ AIDS: Desenvolvimento e Perspectivas. Cadernos Tecnicos do Programa Nacional de Doenças Sexualmente Transmissí veis e AIDS (1994) Secretaria de Assistência À Saúde: Ministerio da Saude, 1, pp. 5-9Hu, D.J., Dondero, T.J., Rayfield, M.A., George, J.R., Schochetman, G., Jaffe, H.W., Luo, C.-C., Curran, J.W., The emerging genetic diversity of HIV: The importance of global surveillance for diagnostics, research, and prevention (1996) Journal of the American Medical Association, 275 (3), pp. 210-216. , DOI 10.1001/jama.275.3.210Herring, B.L., Ge, Y.C., Wang, B., Ratnamohan, M., Zheng, F., Cunningham, A.L., Saksena, N.K., Dwyer, D.E., Segregation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtypes by risk factor in Australia (2003) Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 41 (10), pp. 4600-4604. , DOI 10.1128/JCM.41.10.4600-4604.2003Sherefa, K., Sallberg, M., Johansson, B., Salminen, M., Sonnerborg, A., Subtyping of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strains by using antibodies specific for the third variable domain (V3) of gp120: Results may be affected by divergent V3 sequences (1997) Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 35 (9), pp. 2419-2421Lara, C., Sallberg, M., Johansson, B., De Rivera, I.L., Sonnerborg, A., The Honduran human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) epidemic is dominated by HIV-1 subtype B as determined by V3 domain sero- and genotyping (1997) Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 35 (3), pp. 783-784Cerqueira, D.M., Amorim, R.M.S., Silva, R.R., Camara, G.N.L., Brigido, M.M., Martins, C.R.F., Antiretroviral resistance and genetic diversity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates from the Federal District, Central Brazil (2004) Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 99 (8), pp. 877-882Plantier, J.C., Pogam, S.L., Poisson, L.B., Buzelay, L., Lejeune, B., Barin, F., Extent of antigenic diversity in the V3 region of the surface glicoprotein, gp 120, of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M and consequenses for serotyping (1998) J Virol, 72, pp. 677-683Morgado, M.G., Guimaraes, M.L., Galvao-Castro, B., HIV-1 polymorphism: A challenge for vaccine development - A review (2002) Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 97 (2), pp. 143-150Machado, E.S., Lambert, J.S., Afonso, A.O., Cunha, S.M., Oliveira, R.H., Tanuri, A., Sill, A.M., Soares, M.A., Overview of genotypic and clinical profiles of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected children in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (2004) Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 76 (4), pp. 727-741Bello, G., Passaes, C.P., Guimaraes, M.L., Origin and evolutionary history of HIV-1 subtype C in Brazil (2008) AIDS, 22, pp. 1993-2000Delwart, E.L., Shpaer, E.G., Louwagie, J., McCutchan, F.E., Grez, M., Rubsamen-Waigmann, H., Mullins, J.I., Genetic relationships determined by a DNA heteroduplex mobility assay: Analysis of HIV-1 env genes (1993) Science, 262 (5137), pp. 1257-1261Barin, F., Courouce, A.-M., Pillonel, J., Buzelay, L., Increasing diversity of HIV-1(M) serotypes in French blood donors over a 10-year period (1985-1995) (1997) AIDS, 11 (12), pp. 1503-1508Workshop Report from the European Commission (DG XLL, INCO-DC) and the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. HIV-1 Subtypes: Implications for Epidemiology, Pathogenicity, Vaccines and Diagnostics (1997) AIDS, 11, pp. 17-36Alimohammadi, A., Coker, R., Miller, R., Mitchell, D., Williamson, J., Clarke, J., Genotypic variants of HIV-1 from peripheral blood and lungs of AIDS patients [10] (1997) AIDS, 11 (6), pp. 831-832Paladin, F.J.E., Monzon, O.T., Tsuchie, H., Aplasca, M.R.A., Learn Jr., G.H., Kurimura, T., Genetic subtypes of HIV-1 in the Philippines (1998) AIDS, 12 (3), pp. 291-300. , DOI 10.1097/00002030-199803000-00007Plantier, J.C., Vergne, L., Damond, F., Development and evaluation of a DNA enzyme immunoassay method for env genotyping of subtypes A through G of human immunodificiency virus type 1 group m, with discrimination of the circulating recombinant forms CRF01-AE and CRF02-AG (2002) J Clin Microbiol, 40, pp. 1010-1022Bryson, Y.J., Perinatal HIV-1 transmission: Recent advances and therapeutic interventions (1996) AIDS, 10 (3), pp. 33-S42Renjifo, B., Chaplin, B., Mwakagile, D., Shah, P., Vannberg, F., Msamanga, G., Hunter, D., Essex, M., Epidemic expansion of HIV type 1 subtype C and recombinant genotypes in Tanzania (1998) AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 14 (7), pp. 635-638Van Harmelen, J.H., Van Der Ryst, E., Loubser, A.S., York, D., Madurai, S., Lyons, S., Wood, R., Williamson, C., A predominantly HIV type 1 subtype C-restricted epidemic in South African urban populations (1999) AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 15 (4), pp. 395-398. , DOI 10.1089/088922299311376Rodenburg, C.M., Li, Y., Trask, S.A., Chen, Y., Decker, J., Robertson, D.L., Kalish, M.L., Zolla-Pazner, S., Near full-length clones and reference sequences for subtype C isolates of HIV type 1 from three different continents (2001) AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 17 (2), pp. 161-168. , DOI 10.1089/08892220150217247Soares, M.A., De Oliveira, T., Brindeiro, R.M., Diaz, R.S., Sabino, E.C., Brigido, L., Pires, I.L., Teixeira, P., A specific subtype C of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 circulates in Brazil (2003) AIDS, 17 (1), pp. 11-21. , DOI 10.1097/00002030-200301030-00004Santos, A.F., Sousa, T.M., Soares, E.A.J.M., Sanabani, S., Martinez, A.M.B., Sprinz, E., Silveira, J., Soares, M.A., Characterization of a new circulating recombinant form comprising HIV-1 subtypes C and B in southern Brazil (2006) AIDS, 20 (16), pp. 2011-2019. , DOI 10.1097/01.aids.0000247573.95880.db, PII 0000203020061024000003Sanabani, S., Neto, W.K., De Sa Filho, D.J., Diaz, R.S., Munerato, P., Janini, L.M., Sabino, E.C., Full-length genome analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype C in Brazil (2006) AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 22 (2), pp. 171-176. , DOI 10.1089/aid.2006.22.171Thomson, M.M., Perez-Alvarez, L., Najera, R., Molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 genetic forms and its significance for vaccine development and therapy (2002) Lancet Infectious Diseases, 2 (8), pp. 461-471. , DOI 10.1016/S1473-3099(02)00343-2Sabino, E.C., Diaz, R.S., Brigido, L.F., Learn, G.H., Mullins, J.I., Reingold, A.L., Duarte, A.J.S., Busch, M.P., Distribution of HIV-1 subtypes seen in an AIDS clinic in Sao Paulo City, Brazil (1996) AIDS, 10 (13), pp. 1579-1584Cavalcanti, A.M.S., Lacerda, H.R., De Brito, A.M., Pereira, S., Medeiros, D., Oliveira, S., Antiretroviral resistance in individuals presenting therapeutic failure and subtypes of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in the Northeast Region of Brazil (2007) Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 102 (7), pp. 785-792. , http://memorias.ioc.fiocruz.br/5774.pdfFontella, R., Soares, A.M., Schrago, C.G., On the origino f HIV-1 subtype C in South America (2008) AIDS, 22, pp. 2001-2011Sandstrom, P.A., Folks, T.M., New strategies for treating AIDS (1996) BioEssays, 18 (5), pp. 343-346Gadelha, R.S., Shindo, N., Cruz, J.M.N., Morgado, M.G., Galvao-Castro, B., Molecular epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus-1 in the state of Ceara, Northest, Brazil (2003) Men Inst Oswaldo Cruz, 98, pp. 461-464Soares, E.A., Martinez, A.M., Souza, T.M., HIV-1 subtype C dissemination in southern Brazil (2005) AIDS, 19 (4), pp. 81-S8