Correlates of zooplankton beta diversity in tropical lake systems

The changes in species composition between habitat patches (beta diversity) are likely related to a number of factors, including environmental heterogeneity, connectivity, disturbance and productivity. Here, we used data from aquatic environments in five Brazilian regions over two years and two seasons (rainy and dry seasons or high and low water level periods in floodplain lakes) in each year to test hypotheses underlying zooplankton beta diversity variation. The regions present different levels of hydrological connectivity, where three regions present lakes that are permanent and connected with the main river, while the water bodies of the other two regions consist of permanent lakes and temporary ponds, with no hydrological connections between them. We tested for relationships between zooplankton beta diversity and environmental heterogeneity, spatial extent, hydrological connectivity, seasonality, disturbance and productivity. Negative relationships were detected between zooplankton beta diversity and both hydrological connectivity and disturbance (periodic dry-outs). Hydrological connectivity is likely to affect beta diversity by facilitating dispersal between habitats. In addition, the harsh environmental filter imposed by disturbance selected for only a small portion of the species from the regional pool that were able to cope with periodic dry-outs (e.g., those with a high production of resting eggs). In summary, this study suggests that faunal exchange and disturbance play important roles in structuring local zooplankton communitie

Efeitos de sistemas de preparo do solo no uso da água e na produtividade do feijoeiro Effects of soil tillage systems on the water use and on common bean yield

Este trabalho teve por objetivo comparar o plantio direto, em duas densidades de palhada, com outros sistemas de preparo do solo, quanto à eficiência do uso da água e à produtividade de duas cultivares de feijoeiro com diferentes arquiteturas de planta. O experimento foi conduzido por quatro anos em um Latossolo Vermelho-Escuro, em Santo Antônio de Goiás, GO, utilizando o delineamento em faixas, com parcela subdividida, com quatro repetições. As faixas A, paralelas a uma linha central de aspersores, consistiram de cinco lâminas de irrigação. Considerando a média dos quatro anos, as quantidades de água aplicadas em cada faixa foram de 399,8; 307,0; 216,8; 128,0 e 54,0 mm. As faixas B, transversais à linha central de aspersores, consistiram de cinco sistemas de preparo do solo: plantio direto, plantio direto mais cobertura morta, grade aradora, arado de aiveca e arado escarificador. Nas subparcelas foram plantadas as cultivares de feijão Aporé e Safira. A magnitude da resposta da produtividade do feijoeiro à lâmina de água aplicada variou com a cultivar e com o sistema de preparo do solo. O sistema de plantio direto, com adequada cobertura morta, propiciou maior economia de água em comparação aos demais sistemas de preparo do solo.<br>The objective of this work was to compare water use efficiency and yield of two common bean cultivars with different plant architectures under no-tillage system, using two amounts of straw in relation to other soil tillage systems. The experiment was carried out during four years on a Dark Red Latosol, in Santo Antônio de Goiás, GO, Brazil. The experimental design was a splitplot strip block with four replications. The A strips, parallel to a sprinkler line source, consisted of five irrigation levels. The four year-average water amounts applied to each strip were: 399.8, 307.0, 216.8, 128.0, and 54.0 mm. The B strips, across to sprinkler line source, consisted of five soil tillage systems: no-tillage, no-tillage plus mulch, harrowing, moldboard ploughing, and chisel ploughing. Cultivars Safira and Aporé were planted in the splitplots. The magnitude of common bean yield response to irrigation levels varied with bean cultivar and soil tillage systems. No-tillage with adequate mulch provided higher water economy than the other soil tillage systems

Efeitos do sistema de preparo na compactação do solo, disponibilidade hídrica e comportamento do feijoeiro Effects of soil tillage on soil compaction, available soil water, and development of common bean

Neste trabalho foram avaliados os efeitos dos sistemas de preparo com arado de aiveca, com grade aradora e plantio direto, na compactação do solo, na disponibilidade de água, no desenvolvimento radicular e na produtividade do feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). A área experimental consistiu de um Latossolo Vermelho-Escuro, sob irrigação via pivô central, o que possibilitou dois cultivos ao ano. O preparo com arado propiciou menores valores de resistência à penetração, ao longo do perfil do solo. O preparo com grade condicionou uma camada mais compacta entre 10 e 24 cm de profundidade e, em plantio direto, houve maior compactação até 15 - 22 cm. A distribuição do sistema radicular, em profundidade, foi mais uniforme no preparo com arado. No preparo com grade houve concentração das raízes na camada de 0-10 cm de profundidade e, em plantio direto, a concentração ocorreu até 20 cm. Sob irrigação, a menor resistência do solo à penetração e a melhor distribuição do sistema radicular, no preparo com arado, não possibilitou ao feijoeiro obter maior produtividade em relação aos outros sistemas de preparo. A maior produtividade observada no plantio direto deveu-se, entre outros fatores, aos menores valores e à menor variação ao longo do ciclo da tensão matricial da água no solo, em comparação aos demais sistemas de preparo do solo.<br>The effects of three tillage methods (moldboard ploughing, disking, and no-tillage) on soil compaction, available soil water, root development, and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) yield were evaluated. The experiment was carried out on a Dark Red Latosol, under center pivot sprinkler irrigation, which allows cropping twice a year. The soil under moldboard ploughing showed the lowest resistance to penetration throughout the profile, whereas under disking the soil showed a compacted layer between 10 and 24 cm deep. Higher compaction until 15-22 cm was observed under no-tillage. Crop roots were more uniformly distributed throughout the soil profile under moldboard ploughing, whereas under disking and no-tillage roots concentrated in the top 10 and 20 cm of soil, respectively. The lowest resistance to penetration and the more uniform root distribution throughout the soil profile under moldboard ploughing did not reflect on higher yield of common bean as compared to the other tillage methods, when under irrigation. The highest yield observed under no-tillage was due, in part, to the lower values of soil water matrix tension observed, and to the smaller variation in this parameter all over the crop cycle, as opposed to the other methods of soil tillage

Risco climático do feijão da seca no Estado de Goiás, sob preparo de solo convencional e plantio direto Climatic risk of rainfed beans in the State of Goiás, Brazil, under conventional and no-till systems

Na região dos Cerrados, os agricultores têm adotado o sistema plantio direto (SPD) como forma de proteger o ambiente e dar sustentabilidade à exploração agrícola. Neste sistema, a cobertura do solo pela palhada pode minimizar o risco climático das culturas de sequeiro, pela redução do déficit hídrico. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar o risco climático do feijão da "seca" no Estado de Goiás, sob preparo de solo convencional e plantio direto. Foram utilizados o modelo BIPZON para o cálculo do balanço hídrico e um sistema de informações geográficas para a espacialização dos resultados, além de identificadas as áreas de baixo, médio e alto risco climático para esta cultura, para o SPD, com 50 e 100% de cobertura do solo pela palhada e para o sistema convencional de preparo de solo. Verificou-se que a utilização do SPD causou aumento das áreas de menor risco e prolongamento do período favorável de semeadura a esta cultura, em relação ao sistema de preparo convencional. O efeito foi mais pronunciado com 100% de cobertura do solo.<br>In the Cerrado Region, farmers have been adopting the no-till system, to protect the soil and give sustainability to agriculture. In that system, soil covered by crop residues can minimize climatic risks by reducing water deficit of crops sowed in late season. The objective of this study was to compare the climatic risk of dry season common beans grown in the State of Goiás, under conventional and no-till systems. The BIPZON model was used to calculate the water balance. Geographic Information System was used for the characterization of the results in time and space. Areas of low, medium and high climatic risks were identified for the no-till system, with 50 and 100% of soil coverage by crop residues, as well as for the conventional till system. It was verified that the use of no-till system increased the areas with lower risks and extended the period of sowing for the bean crop in relation to conventional till system. The effect was higher with 100% soil covered with crop residues

Safety of hospital discharge before return of bowel function after elective colorectal surgery

Background: Ileus is common after colorectal surgery and is associated with an increased risk of postoperative complications. Identifying features of normal bowel recovery and the appropriateness for hospital discharge is challenging. This study explored the safety of hospital discharge before the return of bowel function. Methods: A prospective, multicentre cohort study was undertaken across an international collaborative network. Adult patients undergoing elective colorectal resection between January and April 2018 were included. The main outcome of interest was readmission to hospital within 30 days of surgery. The impact of discharge timing according to the return of bowel function was explored using multivariable regression analysis. Other outcomes were postoperative complications within 30 days of surgery, measured using the Clavien\u2013Dindo classification system. Results: A total of 3288 patients were included in the analysis, of whom 301 (9\ub72 per cent) were discharged before the return of bowel function. The median duration of hospital stay for patients discharged before and after return of bowel function was 5 (i.q.r. 4\u20137) and 7 (6\u20138) days respectively (P &lt; 0\ub7001). There were no significant differences in rates of readmission between these groups (6\ub76 versus 8\ub70 per cent; P = 0\ub7499), and this remained the case after multivariable adjustment for baseline differences (odds ratio 0\ub790, 95 per cent c.i. 0\ub755 to 1\ub746; P = 0\ub7659). Rates of postoperative complications were also similar in those discharged before versus after return of bowel function (minor: 34\ub77 versus 39\ub75 per cent; major 3\ub73 versus 3\ub74 per cent; P = 0\ub7110). Conclusion: Discharge before return of bowel function after elective colorectal surgery appears to be safe in appropriately selected patients