Effect Of Freezing Methods On The Properties Of Lyophilized Porous Silk Fibroin Membranes

Silk fibroin is a fibrous protein that has been extensively studied for application in the biomedical field, and has been used as a scaffold for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials made of proteins are prone to physical and chemical degradation during storage; lyophilization, a drying method that consists of freezing and drying steps, is known to promote minimal changes in structure and biological activity of biomaterials. This study evaluates the effect of freezing methods on the properties of lyophilized porous silk fibroin membranes. The membranes were obtained from silk fibroin solution, frozen in liquid nitrogen or ultrafreezer, lyophilized, and then characterized by XRD, FTIR, TGA, DSC and SEM. Although the membranes presented similar physical, chemical and microstructural characteristics, quench freezing with liquid nitrogen, followed by lyophilization, promoted collapse of the membranes, while slow cooling performed by ultrafreezer preserved membrane integrity.122233237Tamada, Y., New process to form a silk fibroin porous 3-D structure (2005) Biomacromolecules, 6 (6), pp. 3100-3106Park, K., Jung, S., Lee, S., Min, B., Park, W., Biomimetic nanofibrous scaffolds: Preparation and characterization of chitin/silk fibroin blend nanofibers (2006) International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 38 (3-5), pp. 165-173Sashina, E., Bochek, A., Novoselov, N., Kirichenko, D., Structure and solubility of natural silk fibroin (2006) Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry, 79 (6), pp. 869-876Vasconcelos, A., Freddi, G., Cavaco-Paulo, A., Biodegradable materials based on silk fibroin and keratin (2008) Biomacromolecules, 9 (4), pp. 1299-1305Roy, I., Gupta, M., Freeze-drying of proteins: Some emerging concerns (2004) Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry, 39 (2), pp. 165-177Tang, X., Pikal, M., Design of freeze-drying processes for pharmaceuticals: Practical advice (2004) Pharmaceutical Research, 21 (2), pp. 191-200Sablani, S., Influence of shelf temperature on pore formation in garlic during freeze-drying (2006) Journal of Food Engineering, 80 (1), pp. 68-79Luthra, S., Obert, J., Kalonia, D., Pikal, M., Impact of critical process and formulation parameters affecting in-process stability of lactate dehydrogenase during the secondary drying stage of lyophilization: A mini freeze dryer study (2007) Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 96 (9), pp. 2242-2250Wang, W., Lyophilization and development of solid protein pharmaceuticals (2000) International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 203 (1-2), pp. 1-60Rambhatla, S., Ramot, R., Bhugra, C., Pikal, M., Heat and mass transfer scale-up issues during freeze drying: II. control and characterization of the degree of supercooling (2004) AAPS PharmSciTech, 5 (4), pp. e58Chang, B., Kendrick, B., Carpenter, J., Surface-induced denaturation of proteins during freezing and its inhibition by surfactants (1996) Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 85 (12), pp. 1325-1330Searles, J., Carpenter, J., Randolph, T., The ice nucleation temperature determines the primary drying rate of lyophilization for samples frozen on a temperature-controlled shelf (2001) Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 90 (7), pp. 860-871Kim, H., Kim, U., Leisk, G., Bayan, C., Georgakoudi, I., Kaplan, D., Bone regeneration on macroporous aqueous-derived silk 3-D scaffolds (2007) Macromolecular Bioscience, 7 (5), pp. 643-655Wang, Y., Rudym, D., Walsh, A., Abrahamsen, L., Kim, H.J., Kim, H.S., In vivo degradation of three-dimensional silk fibroin scaffolds (2008) Biomaterials, 29 (24-25), pp. 3415-3428Ki, C., Park, S., Kim, H., Jung, H., Woo, K., Lee, J., Development of 3-D nanofibrous fibroin scaffold with high porosity by electrospinning: Implications for bone regeneration (2008) Biotechnology Letters, 30 (3), pp. 405-410Lv, Q., Feng, Q., Preparation of 3-D regenerated fibroin scaffolds with freeze drying method and freeze drying/foaming technique (2006) Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 17 (12), pp. 1349-1356Beppu M, Polakiewicz B, Nogueira G. PI: 0601975-72006. INPI/Brazil2006Li, M., Lu, S., Wu, Z., Tan, K., Minoura, N., Kuga, S., Structure and properties of silk fibroin-poly(vinyl alcohol) gel (2002) International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 30 (2), pp. 89-94Lin, F., Li, Y., Jin, J., Cai, Y., Wei, K., Yao, J., Deposition behavior and properties of silk fibroin scaffolds soaked in simulated body fluid (2008) Materials Chemistry and Physics, 111 (1), pp. 92-97Um, I., Kweon, H., Park, Y., Hudson, S., Structural characteristics and properties of the regenerated silk fibroin prepared from formic acid (2001) International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 29 (2), pp. 91-97Zoccola, M., Aluigi, A., Vineis, C., Tonin, C., Ferrero, F., Piacentino, M.G., Study on cast membranes and electrospun nanofibers made from keratin/fibroin blends (2008) Biomacromolecules, 9 (10), pp. 2819-2825Kim, H.J., Kim, U., Kim, H.S., Li, C., Wada, M., Leisk, G., Bone tissue engineering with premineralized silk scaffolds (2008) Bone, 42 (6), pp. 1226-1234Bhatnagar, B., Bogner, R., Pikal, M., Protein stability during freezing: Separation of stresses and mechanisms of protein stabilization (2007) Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 12 (5), pp. 505-52

Proximity effect and strong coupling superconductivity in nanostructures built with an STM

We present high resolution tunneling spectroscopy data at very low temperatures on superconducting nanostructures of lead built with an STM. By applying magnetic fields, superconductivity is restricted to length scales of the order of the coherence length. We measure the tunneling conductance and analyze the phonon structure and the low energy DOS. We demonstrate the influence of the geometry of the system on the magnetic field dependence of the tunneling density of states, which is gapless in a large range of fields. The behavior of the features in the tunneling conductance associated to phonon modes are explained within current models.Comment: 4 figures, 4 page

Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Dexamethasone Controlled Released From Anterior Suprachoroidal Polyurethane Implants on Endotoxin-Induced Uveitis in Rats.

Targeted drug delivery to the ocular tissues remains a challenge. Biodegradable intraocular implants allow prolonged controlled release of drugs directly into the eye. In this study, we evaluated an anterior suprachoroidal polyurethane implant containing dexamethasone polyurethane dispersions (DX-PUD) as a drug delivery system in the rat model of endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU). In vitro drug release was studied using PUD implants containing 8%, 20%, and 30% (wt/wt) DX. Cytotoxicity of the degradation products of DX-PUD was assessed on human ARPE-19 cells using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test. Short-term ocular biocompatibility of suprachoroidal DX-PUD implants was evaluated in normal rat eyes. Endotoxin-induced uveitis was then induced in rat eyes preimplanted with DX-PUD. Clinical examination was performed at 24 hours; eyes were used to assess inflammatory cell infiltration and macrophage/microglial activation. Cytokine and chemokine expression in the iris/ciliary body and in the retina was investigated using quantitative PCR. Feasibility of anterior suprachoroidal PUD implantation was also tested using postmortem human eyes. A burst release was followed by a sustained controlled release of DX from PUD implants. By-products of the DX-PUD were not toxic to human ARPE-19 cells or to rat ocular tissues. Dexamethasone-PUD implants prevented EIU in rat eyes, reducing inflammatory cell infiltration and inhibiting macrophage/microglial activation. Dexamethasone-PUD downregulated proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines (IL-1β, IL-6, cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant [CINC]) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and upregulated IL-10 anti-inflammatory cytokine. Polyurethane dispersion was successfully implanted into postmortem human eyes. Dexamethasone-PUD implanted in the anterior suprachoroidal space may be of interest in the treatment of intraocular inflammation

Access to infertility consultations: what women tell us about it?

The main objective of the present paper is to evaluate the perception of women concerning the barriers and access to infertility consultations. Socio cultural and economic access to infertility consultations is detached and three municipalities of the northwest of Portugal were chosen as an example of a peripheral country. A quantitative/qualitative study was done with 60 women. Three dimensions were evaluated: geographic and structural and functional access; economic access; and sociocultural access. The main barriers were mainly identified in the last two dimensions. The economic access was the less well evaluated by women being the cost of treatment (medication, and concentration of costs in a short period) difficult to bear. This can justify a greater involvement of the Portuguese Government, by developing policies for the reimbursement of part of the costs. Also, some changes in structural and functional access must be done with special regard to the separation of the infertility consultations from the reproductive medicine section. The setting of the teams, with a follow-up by the same team of health professionals is also needed

Building The Sugarcane Genome For Biotechnology And Identifying Evolutionary Trends

Background: Sugarcane is the source of sugar in all tropical and subtropical countries and is becoming increasingly important for bio-based fuels. However, its large (10 Gb), polyploid, complex genome has hindered genome based breeding efforts. Here we release the largest and most diverse set of sugarcane genome sequences to date, as part of an on-going initiative to provide a sugarcane genomic information resource, with the ultimate goal of producing a gold standard genome.Results: Three hundred and seventeen chiefly euchromatic BACs were sequenced. A reference set of one thousand four hundred manually-annotated protein-coding genes was generated. A small RNA collection and a RNA-seq library were used to explore expression patterns and the sRNA landscape. In the sucrose and starch metabolism pathway, 16 non-redundant enzyme-encoding genes were identified. 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