The Unplanned 'Ghetto': Immigrant work patterns in 19th century Manchester

The research presented here considered the well-documented phenomenon of immigrant clustering in niche trades or occupations and compares immigrant and non-immigrant groups within the same poverty \'ghetto\' - the Red Bank area of Manchester. The research used primary census data and contemporary maps to analyse the socio-economic and spacial structure of the \'ghetto\'.The findings suggest that the (primarily Jewish) immigrant group studied here was concentrated in a significantly narrow band of occupations in comparison with non-immigrants in the ares and that immigrants from the same occupation group tended to live in household clusters. Analysis of work-home distances using \'space syntax\' techniques suggests that the occupants of the \'ghetto\' area of the city tend to work very close to home, whilst more long-standing immigrants living in the lower middle-class district adjacent to the area worked in locations which provided them with the potential for economic integration.Whilst these findings suggest that the immigrants had identifiable differences from their \'ghetto\' area neighbours, the research also highlighted findings that suggest that the inhabitants of the district of Red Bank - taken as a group - were different in their occupational structure from the city as a whole. \'Space syntax\' analysis of the spacial integration of the area indicated that it was significantly segregated from the central business district, despite it being geographically quite proximate. These findings, coupled with other research undertaken into social class structure, suggest that the non-Jewish inhabitants of the Red Bank district were also distinctive in their social and spacial patterns when compared to the city overall, thus the inhabitants of the \'ghetto\' area had unique characteristics which distinguished them from inhabitants of the other areas of the city.This paper concludes with the suggestion that certain areas of cities are especially prone to settlement by the disadvantaged, due to characteristics that make areas firstly, tend to be economically unsuccessful due to their spacial segregation and secondly, less attractive to those who have the means to move elsewhere and that such areas are not so much defined by their immigrant constituents, but by their long-standing inhabitants that cannot move elsewhere

Metaplectic-c Quantomorphisms

In the classical Kostant-Souriau prequantization procedure, the Poisson algebra of a symplectic manifold $(M,\omega)$ is realized as the space of infinitesimal quantomorphisms of the prequantization circle bundle. Robinson and Rawnsley developed an alternative to the Kostant-Souriau quantization process in which the prequantization circle bundle and metaplectic structure for $(M,\omega)$ are replaced by a metaplectic-c prequantization. They proved that metaplectic-c quantization can be applied to a larger class of manifolds than the classical recipe. This paper presents a definition for a metaplectic-c quantomorphism, which is a diffeomorphism of metaplectic-c prequantizations that preserves all of their structures. Since the structure of a metaplectic-c prequantization is more complicated than that of a circle bundle, we find that the definition must include an extra condition that does not have an analogue in the Kostant-Souriau case. We then define an infinitesimal quantomorphism to be a vector field whose flow consists of metaplectic-c quantomorphisms, and prove that the space of infinitesimal metaplectic-c quantomorphisms exhibits all of the same properties that are seen for the infinitesimal quantomorphisms of a prequantization circle bundle. In particular, this space is isomorphic to the Poisson algebra $C^\infty(M)$

The spatial form of poverty in Charles Booth\'s London

This paper reviews recent research into poverty and spatial form and describes how the application of space syntax methods to this research area, coupled with the use of primary data from the Charles Booth maps of Povertyin 19th century London, has enabled analysis of the socio-economic and spatial structure of areas frequently perceived as \'ghettos\'. Through a comparison of two distinctive areas of London - Soho in the West End and the famously poor area of London\'s East End, the analysis shows a consistentcorrespondence between poverty and spatial segregation. Booth\'s economically based \'line of poverty\', used to distinguish between those \'in poverty\' and those living \'in comfort\' is supplemented in this paper by a proposed spatially defined line of poverty, distinguishing between poor, spatiallysegregated streets and more prosperous, spatially integrated streets. Furthermore, through the application of the latest segment angular techniques, space syntax analysis reveals a new finding relating to the formation of poverty areas, which combine low integration with large numbers of small street blocks, suggesting that this combination of spatial factorshelps explain the persistence of poverty and poor quality housing, detrimental to the living standards of the poverty classes. This finding also helps explain how such areas can create a sense of entering \'another world\', with the emergence of sub-cultures and new communities. The paperconcludes with the proposition that when such areas are located close to economically active, well integrated streets, such spatial patterning can serve as a necessary mechanism for the social integration of minorities and is frequently part of a natural process of acculturation and integration in the urban environment

Evolutive equilibrium selection II: quantal response mechanisms

In this paper we develop a model of Evolutive Quantal Response (EQR) mechanisms, and contrast the outcomes with the Quantal Response Equilibria (QRE) as developed by McKelvey and Palfrey(1995). A clear distinction between the two approaches can be noted; EQR is based on a dynamic formulation of individual choice in the context of evolutionary game theory in which games are played repeatedly in populations, and the aim is to determine both the micro-configuration of strategy choices across the population, and the dynamics of the population frequencies of the strategies played. Quantal Response Equilibria focuses on the more traditional aspects of non-co-operative game theory, i.e. on equilibrium in beliefs regarding strategies.We focus attention on an analytical approach which enables closed form solutions to be constructed. We consider the case of all symmetric binary choice games, which will include analysis of all well known generic games in this context, such as Prisoner's dilemma, Stag-Hunt and Pure coordination games

A study of the spatial characteristics of the Jews in London 1695 & 1895

This paper suggests that the settlement pattern of Jews in London is in a distinct cluster, but contradicts the accepted belief about the nature of the 'ghetto'; finding that the traditional conception of the 'ghetto', as an enclosed, inward-looking immigrant quarter is incorrect in this case. It is shown that despite the fact that the Jews sometimes constituted up to 100% of the population of a street, that in general, the greater the concentration of Jews in a street, the better connected (more 'integrated') the street was into the main spacial structure of the city. It is also suggested here that the Jewish East End worked both as an internally strong structure of space, with local institutions relating to and reinforcing the local pattern of space; and also externally, with strong links tying the Jewish East End with its host society. It is proposed that this duality of internal/external links not only strengthens Jewish society but possibly contradicts accepted beliefs on the structure of immigrant societies

Evolutive equilibrium selection I: symmetric two player binary choice games

The aim of the paper is the construction of a distributional model which enables the study of the evolutionary dynamics that arise for symmetric games, and the equilibrium selection mechanisms that originate from such processes. The evolution of probability distributions over the state variables is studied using the Fokker-Planck diffusion equation. Equilibrium selection using the ��basin of attraction�� approach, and a selection process suggested by Pontryagin are contrasted. Examples are provided for all generic 2-person symmetric binary choice games