Correlation between magnetic interactions and domain structure in A1 FePt ferromagnetic thin films

We have investigated the relationship between the domain structure and the magnetic interactions in a series of FePt ferromagnetic thin films of varying thickness. As-made films grow in the magnetically soft and chemically disordered A1 phase that may have two distinct domain structures. Above a critical thickness $d_{cr}\sim 30$ nm the presence of an out of plane anisotropy induces the formation of stripes, while for $d<d_{cr}$ planar domains occur. Magnetic interactions have been characterized using the well known DCD-IRM remanence protocols, $\delta M$ plots, and magnetic viscosity measurements. We have observed a strong correlation between the domain configuration and the sign of the magnetic interactions. Planar domains are associated with positive exchange-like interactions, while stripe domains have a strong negative dipolar-like contribution. In this last case we have found a close correlation between the interaction parameter and the surface dipolar energy of the stripe domain structure. Using time dependent magnetic viscosity measurements, we have also estimated an average activation volume for magnetic reversal, $\langle V_{ac}\rangle \sim 1.37\times 10^{4}$ nm$^{3},$ which is approximately independent of the film thickness or the stripe period.Comment: 25 pages, 11 figure

Emissão de metano por bovinos de corte, suplementados ou não, em pastagem de capim mombaça (Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça). II-Emissão por Mcal de energia líquida ingerida e por kg de ganho.

Resumo: Objetivou-se avaliar o impacto da suplementação protéico-energética nas emissões de metano (CH4): diária, anual, por Mcal de energia líquida ingerida e por kg de ganho de peso vivo (PV) de novilhos, durante a recria, a pasto. Os tratamentos avaliados foram: TO - Apenas suplementação mineral; TI - Suplementação protéico-energética. Utilizou-se a técnica do gás traçador interno hexafluoreto de enxofre (SF6) para estimar a emissão diária de CH4. O experimento teve duração total de 160 dias. Foram utilizados 20 novilhos com peso inicial aproximado de 200 kg, sendo dez alocados aleatoriamente em cada tratamento. As emissões de CH4 foram avaliadas em dois ensaios, durante cinco dias consecutivos. Na análise estatística dos dados de emissão ele CH4 utilizou-se a metodologia de modelos mistos para medidas repetidas do SAS. Os animais suplementados tiveram maiores consumos diários de matéria seca (MS) e de energia líquida de mantença (ELm) (PO,O5) quanto à produção diária de CH4. Entretanto, os animais suplemetados emitiram menos CH4 (P Abstract: The objective was to evaluate the influence of protein-energy supplemenntation on the emissions of methano (CH4): daily, annual, per kg dry matter (DM) and per MCal maintenance energy (NEm) intake, and per kg live weight (LWT) gain, from growing steers, grazing Mombaça-grass. The treatments were: TO - Only mineral supplementation: TI - Protein-energy supplementation. The tracer SF6 gas methodology was used to estimate daily emissions of CH4. They were used 20 steers, from which ten were randomly allocated in each treatment. CH4 emissions were estimated over five consecutive days, in two trials. Mixed-model methodology for repeated data from SAS was used in statistical analysis of CH4 data. Supplemeted animals had higher (PO.O5) with respect to daily and annual CH4 emissions. However, supplemented animais showed lower (P0.05) with respect to daily and annual CH4 emissions. However, supplemented animals showed lower (P<0.05) methane emission per MCal NEm intake and per kg LW gain than the non supplemented ones. It was concluded that supplementation effectively reduces CH4 emissions in beef cattle

Emissão de metano por bovinos de corte, suplementados ou não, em pastagem de capim mombaça (Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça). II-Emissão por Mcal de energia líquida ingerida e por kg de ganho.

Resumo: Objetivou-se avaliar o impacto da suplementação protéico-energética nas emissões de metano (CH4): diária, anual, por Mcal de energia líquida ingerida e por kg de ganho de peso vivo (PV) de novilhos, durante a recria, a pasto. Os tratamentos avaliados foram: TO - Apenas suplementação mineral; TI - Suplementação protéico-energética. Utilizou-se a técnica do gás traçador interno hexafluoreto de enxofre (SF6) para estimar a emissão diária de CH4. O experimento teve duração total de 160 dias. Foram utilizados 20 novilhos com peso inicial aproximado de 200 kg, sendo dez alocados aleatoriamente em cada tratamento. As emissões de CH4 foram avaliadas em dois ensaios, durante cinco dias consecutivos. Na análise estatística dos dados de emissão ele CH4 utilizou-se a metodologia de modelos mistos para medidas repetidas do SAS. Os animais suplementados tiveram maiores consumos diários de matéria seca (MS) e de energia líquida de mantença (ELm) (PO,O5) quanto à produção diária de CH4. Entretanto, os animais suplemetados emitiram menos CH4 (P Abstract: The objective was to evaluate the influence of protein-energy supplemenntation on the emissions of methano (CH4): daily, annual, per kg dry matter (DM) and per MCal maintenance energy (NEm) intake, and per kg live weight (LWT) gain, from growing steers, grazing Mombaça-grass. The treatments were: TO - Only mineral supplementation: TI - Protein-energy supplementation. The tracer SF6 gas methodology was used to estimate daily emissions of CH4. They were used 20 steers, from which ten were randomly allocated in each treatment. CH4 emissions were estimated over five consecutive days, in two trials. Mixed-model methodology for repeated data from SAS was used in statistical analysis of CH4 data. Supplemeted animals had higher (PO.O5) with respect to daily and annual CH4 emissions. However, supplemented animais showed lower (P0.05) with respect to daily and annual CH4 emissions. However, supplemented animals showed lower (P<0.05) methane emission per MCal NEm intake and per kg LW gain than the non supplemented ones. It was concluded that supplementation effectively reduces CH4 emissions in beef cattle

Understanding the reactogenicity of 4CMenB vaccine: Comparison of a novel and conventional method of assessing post-immunisation fever and correlation with pre-release in vitro pyrogen testing

BACKGROUND: Better understanding of vaccine reactogenicity is crucial given its potential impact upon vaccine safety and acceptance. Here we report a comparison between conventional and novel (continuous) methods of monitoring temperature and evaluate any association between reactogenicity and the monocyte activation test (MAT) employed for testing four-component capsular group B meningococcal vaccine (4CMenB) batches prior to release for clinical use in Europe. METHODS: Healthy 7-12-week-old infants were randomised in two groups: group PCV13 2 + 1 (received pneumococcal conjugate vaccine 13 valent (PCV13) at 2, 4 and 12 months) and group PCV13 1 + 1 (received reduced schedule at 3 and 12 months). In both, infants received the remaining immunisations as per UK national schedule (including 4CMenB at 2, 4 and 12 months of age). Fever was measured for the first 24 h after immunisations using an axillary thermometer and with a wireless continuous temperature monitoring device (iButton®). To measure the relative pyrogenicity of individual 4CMenB batches, MAT was performed according to Ph. Eu. chapter 2.6.30 method C using PBMCs with IL-6 readout. RESULTS: Fever rates detected by the iButton® ranged from 28.7% to 76.5% and from 46.6% to 71.1% in group PCV13 2 + 1 and PCV13 1 + 1 respectively, across all study visits. The iButton® recorded a higher number of fever episodes when compared with axillary measurements in both groups (range of axillary temperature fevers; group PCV13 2 + 1: 6.7%-38%; group PCV13 1 + 1: 11.4%-37.1%). An agreement between the two methods was between 0.39 and 0.36 (p < 0.001) at 8 h' time-point post primary immunisations. No correlation was found between MAT scores and fever rates, or other reported adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: It is likely that conventional, intermittent, fever measurements underestimates fever rates following immunisation. 4CMenB MAT scores didn't predict reactogenicity, providing reassurance that vaccine batches with the highest acceptable pyrogen level are not associated with an increase in adverse events. Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT02482636

Competition and Selection Among Conventions

In many domains, a latent competition among different conventions determines which one will come to dominate. One sees such effects in the success of community jargon, of competing frames in political rhetoric, or of terminology in technical contexts. These effects have become widespread in the online domain, where the data offers the potential to study competition among conventions at a fine-grained level. In analyzing the dynamics of conventions over time, however, even with detailed on-line data, one encounters two significant challenges. First, as conventions evolve, the underlying substance of their meaning tends to change as well; and such substantive changes confound investigations of social effects. Second, the selection of a convention takes place through the complex interactions of individuals within a community, and contention between the users of competing conventions plays a key role in the convention's evolution. Any analysis must take place in the presence of these two issues. In this work we study a setting in which we can cleanly track the competition among conventions. Our analysis is based on the spread of low-level authoring conventions in the eprint arXiv over 24 years: by tracking the spread of macros and other author-defined conventions, we are able to study conventions that vary even as the underlying meaning remains constant. We find that the interaction among co-authors over time plays a crucial role in the selection of them; the distinction between more and less experienced members of the community, and the distinction between conventions with visible versus invisible effects, are both central to the underlying processes. Through our analysis we make predictions at the population level about the ultimate success of different synonymous conventions over time--and at the individual level about the outcome of "fights" between people over convention choices.Comment: To appear in Proceedings of WWW 2017, data at https://github.com/CornellNLP/Macro