Central nervous system infections in the intensive care unit

Neurological infections constitute an uncommon, but important aetiological cause requiring admission to an intensive care unit (ICU). In addition, health-care associated neurological infections may develop in critically ill patients admitted to an ICU for other indications. Central nervous system infections can develop as complications in ICU patients including post-operative neurosurgical patients. While bacterial infections are the most common cause, mycobacterial and fungal infections are also frequently encountered. Delay in institution of specific treatment is considered to be the single most important poor prognostic factor. Empirical antibiotic therapy must be initiated while awaiting specific culture and sensitivity results. Choice of empirical antimicrobial therapy should take into consideration the most likely pathogens involved, locally prevalent drug-resistance patterns, underlying predisposing, co-morbid conditions, and other factors, such as age, immune status. Further, the antibiotic should adequately penetrate the blood-brain and blood- cerebrospinal fluid barriers. The presence of a focal collection of pus warrants immediate surgical drainage. Following strict aseptic precautions during surgery, hand-hygiene and care of catheters, devices constitute important preventive measures. A high index of clinical suspicion and aggressive efforts at identification of aetiological cause and early institution of specific treatment in patients with neurological infections can be life saving

Pseudoarthrosis following fracture of left lamina of C2 vertebra causing compressive myelopathy

Pseudoarthrosis involving lamina of C2 vertebra requiring intervention is very rare. We report the unusual case of a 38-year-old man presenting with pseudoarthrosis of an old fracture involving left lamina of C2 vertebra. The patient presented with progressive spastic quadriparesis and history of sustaining injury to his neck 15 years ago. Imaging showed pseudoarthrosis involving the left lamina of C2 vertebra with significant cord compression. Posterior approach was used and decompressive laminectomy was done at C2 and C3 levels with removal of the affected segment with pseudoarthrosis. The postoperative period was uneventful and the neurological recovery was good

DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF AUTOMATIC TRASH REMOVAL MACHINE USING IN AUTOMOBILE SERVICE STATIONS

In this project the proposal concept is to replace the manual work in drainage cleaning by automated system in Automobile service stations. We know that water has a great importance in human being life, the water flow in drain full of wastes like polythene, bottles, chemicals etc. The drains get blocked due to these wastes in water. Drainage are using for the disposal and unfortunately sometimes there may be loss of human life while cleaning the blockage in the drainages. To overcome this problem and to save the human life we implement design “Trash Removal System”. We designed our project to use this in efficient way to control the disposal of wastages and with regular filtration of wastages like chemicals, grease etc. This machine also uses battery for power supply and is locomotive system

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Not AvailableConsumption pattern and purchase behavior of meat consumers in IndiaNot Availabl

Characterization of Nα-Fmoc-protected dipeptide isomers by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MSn): Effect of protecting group on fragmentation of dipeptides

A series of positional isomeric pairs of Fmoc-protected dipeptides, Fmoc-Gly-Xxx-OY/Fmoc-Xxx-Gly-OY (Xxx = Ala, Val, Leu, Phe) and Fmoc-Ala-Xxx-OY/Fmoc-Xxx-Ala-OY (Xxx = Leu, Phe) (Fmoc = (9-fluorenylmethyl) oxycarbonyl) and Y = CH3/H), have been characterized and differentiated by both positive and negative ion electrospray ionization ion-trap tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-IT-MSn). In contrast to the behavior of reported unprotected dipeptide isomers which mainly produce y 1 + and/or a1 + ions, the protonated Fmoc-Xxx-Gly-OY, Fmoc-Ala-Xxx-OY and Fmoc-Xxx-Ala-OY yield significant b 1 + ions. These ions are formed, presumably with stable protonated aziridinone structures. However, the peptides with Gly- at the N-terminus do not form b1 + ions. The M + H+ ions of all the peptides undergo a McLafferty-type rearrangement followed by loss of CO2 to form M + H-Fmoc + H+. The MS3 collision-induced dissociation (CID) of these ions helps distinguish the pairs of isomeric dipeptides studied in this work. Further, negative ion MS 3 CID has also been found to be useful for differentiating these isomeric peptide acids. The MS3 of M-H-Fmoc + H- of isomeric peptide acids produce c1 -, z1 - and y1 - ions. Thus the present study of Fmoc-protected peptides provides additional information on mass spectral characterization of the dipeptides and distinguishes the positional isomers. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Characterization of Nα-Fmoc-protected ureidopeptides by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS): Differentiation of positional isomers

Four pairs of positional isomers of ureidopeptides, FmocNH-CH(R 1)-Ï(NH-CO-NH)-CH(R2)-OY and FmocNH-CH(R 2)-Ï(NH-CO-NH)-CH(R1)-OY (Fmoc = (9-fluorenyl methyl)oxycarbonyl; R1 = H, alkyl; R2 = alkyl, H and Y = CH3/H), have been characterized and differentiated by both positive and negative ion electrospray ionization (ESI) ion-trap tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The major fragmentation noticed in MS/MS of all these compounds is due to -N-CH(R)-N-bond cleavage to form the characteristic N- and C-terminus fragment ions. The protonated ureidopeptide acids derived from glycine at the N-terminus form protonated (9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl carbamate ion at m/z 240 which is absent for the corresponding esters. Another interesting fragmentation noticed in ureidopeptides derived from glycine at the N-terminus is an unusual loss of 61 units from an intermediate fragment ion FmocNH = CH2 + (m/z 252). A mechanism involving an ion-neutral complex and a direct loss of NH3 and CO2 is proposed for this process. Whereas ureidopeptides derived from alanine, leucine and phenylalanine at the N-terminus eliminate CO2 followed by corresponding imine to form (9H-fluoren-9-yl)methyl cation (C14H11 +) from FmocNH = CHR+. In addition, characteristic immonium ions are also observed. The deprotonated ureidopeptide acids dissociate differently from the protonated ureidopeptides. The M - H- ions of ureidopeptide acids undergo a McLafferty-type rearrangement followed by the loss of CO2 to form an abundant M - H - Fmoc + H- which is absent for protonated ureidopeptides. Thus, the present study provides information on mass spectral characterization of ureidopeptides and distinguishes the positional isomers. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

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Not AvailableA field experiment was conducted during rabi 2011 at Research farm, Regional Agriculture Research Station (RARS), Bijapur on a deep black soil under rainfed condition to study the effect of different tillage practices imposed during kharif and different nitrogen sources on rabi sunflower growth and yield. Tillage practices had no significant effect on growth and yield of sunflower crop. Yield components like number of seeds per head (1068.6) and seed weight per head (55.1 g) were significantly higher with the minimum tillage while tillage practices did not show significant influence on seed yield and stalk yield. Sunflower fertilized with 100% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) recorded significantly higher germination percentage, plant height, number of leaves, leaf area index, dry matter production than rest of the treatments. Yield attributes viz. head diameter (10.6 cm) and number of seeds per head (1174.8) were significantly higher with 100% RDF (35:50:35 N: P2O5 : K2O kg ha -1 ) but on par with in- situ sunnhemp green manure incorporation @ 2.5 t ha -1+ 50% recommended dose of nitrogen through urea and in -situ sunnhemp green manure incorporation @ 5 t ha -1. Seed yield (1187 kg ha -1) and stalk yield (2484 kg ha -1) of sunflower were significantly higher with 100% RDF over farmers’ practice (24:30:0 N:P2O5:K2O kg ha -1) but was on par with rest of the treatments. Reducing the tillage intensity did not significantly influence yields and substituting 50% nitrogen through organic sources produced yields comparable to that of inorganic source of nitrogen application.Not Availabl