Reduction of Active Power Loss at 110/220 kV Node Substations Using Fuzzy Controller

One of the most important informational components of control systems is the data of the static load characteristics of each transformer of the substation. Currently, the evaluation of real static characteristics of the load is determined generally by the following methods: computational, ana-lytical, passive and active experiments. These methods exhibit significant disadvantages regarding accuracy and cost rating and encounter plenty of parameters that are difficult to formalize (including climatic factors). The purpose of this work is to reduce electric power losses at 110/220 kV substations by implementation of a new control system for power transformers. This goal has been achieved by using a fuzzy controller in the structure of the control system for power transformers of 110/220 kV tie substations. The presented solution is multi-functional and can be extended to a wide class of power facilities. The results of the simulation of the transformer voltage regulation process, performed in the MatLAB application environment, showed that the implementation of a new fuzzy controller structure had improved the efficiency of the substation power control system in forecasting and management (compared to classical solutions based on regression and probabilistic models). Herewith, the most accurate accounting of consumer load, the maximum use of equipment at the substation for voltage regulation at the points of release and a significant reduction of active power losses at the tie substa-tions 110/220 kV (up to 12,12%) compared to already known solutions were observed

Three-body problem in Fermi gases with short-range interparticle interaction

We discuss 3-body processes in ultracold two-component Fermi gases with short-range intercomponent interaction characterized by a large and positive scattering length $a$. It is found that in most cases the probability of 3-body recombination is a universal function of the mass ratio and $a$, and is independent of short-range physics. We also calculate the scattering length corresponding to the atom-dimer interaction.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figure

Fermentația anaerobă a gunoiului de pasăre cu inocul de nămol activat în combinație cu tratarea prin electroliză

The aim of the work was to study the effect of electrolysis on the process of anaerobic digestion in the example of poultry manure with an inoculum of activated sludge from a municipal wastewater treatment plant. The set aim was achieved by solving the following tasks: microcopy of anaerobic activated sludge during the digestion of poultry manure under the influence of electrolysis treatment; studying the dynamics of biogas yield and its component composition under electrolysis treatment; studying the change in pH values and redox potential (ORP) in experiments with a combination of a bioreactor with electrolysis treatment and without treatment. Evaluation of the effect of stimulating the metabolic activity of microorganisms during treatment in the bioreactor-electrolyser was the most significant result. In addition, improved biodegradability of complex organic components of poultry manure was substantiated. Thus, methane yield on the 28th day was 640.5 ml from the total volume of 1525 ml of biogas, and under conventional conditions, methane yield was 33.4 ml from 50 ml of total volume. The decrease of H2S content in biogas under the influence of electrolysis was determined. A low ORP value of - 495 mV was achieved in the control experiment (without electrolysis treatment). ORP gradually increased in the bioreactor-electrolyser at all stages of digestion and reached - 53 mV on day 28. pH stabilized at a neutral level. The positive effect of combining anaerobic digestion with electrolysis on the intensification of biogas production with a large volume of methane has been experimentally confirmed.Целью работы является изучение эффектов электролизного воздействии в процессе анаэробного сбраживания, на примере птичьего помета с инокулятом активного ила с городских очистных сооружений. Поставленная цель достигается за счет решения следующих задач: микрокопирование анаэробного активного ила в процессе сбраживания птичьего помета при воздействии на него электролизной обработки; изучение динамики выхода биогаза и его компонентного состава при электролизной обработке; изучение изменения значений рН и окислительно-восстановительного потенциала (ОВП) в экспериментах с комбинацией биореактора с электролизной обработкой и без обработки. Наиболее существенным результатом является определение в процессе обработки в биореакторе-электролизере эффекта стимулирования метаболической активности эколого-трофических групп микроорганизмов с получением большего количества биогаза при поступлении экзогенного водорода и улучшении биодеградируемости сложных органических компонентов птичьего помета, так его объем выхода составил на 28 сутки 640,5 мл метана из 1525 мл, а в стандартных условиях уже на 28 сутки выход биогаза было 33,4 мл метана из 50 мл общего объема. Также выявлено значительное уменьшения H2S в биогазе при воздействии электролиза, а именно более чем в 10 раз в сравнении со стандартными условиями анаэробного сбраживания. При этом в контрольном эксперименте (без электролизной обработки) достигалось низкое значение ОВП до - 495 мВ, в биореакторе электролизере ОВП постепенно возрастало в течение всех этапов сбраживания и на 28 сутки приобрело значение - 53 мВ, рН стабилизировалось на нейтральном уровне. Значимость полученных результатов состоит в том, что экспериментально подтвердили положительный эффект комбинации анаэробного сбраживания с электролизной обработки на интенсификацию производство биогаза с большим объемом метана, а именно электрический разряд, воздействуя на рост метанообразующих микроорганизмов, позволяет получить энергию за счет восстановления CO2 до метана, при этом как акцептор электронов выступает экзогенный Н2.Scopul lucrării este de a studia efectele electrolizei în procesul de fermentație anaerobă, pe exemplul gunoiului de pasăre cu inocul de nămol activat provenit de la stațiile municipale de epurare a apelor uzate. Scopul stabilit este atins prin rezolvarea următoarelor sarcini: microcopierea nămolului activat anaerob în timpul fermentației gunoiului de pasăre sub influența tratării prin electroliză; studiul dinamicii randamentului biogazului și al compoziției componentelor acestuia în timpul tratării prin electroliză; studiul modificărilor pH-ului și a potențialului Redox (ORP) în experimentele cu combinația de bioreactor cu tratare prin electroliză și fără tratare. Cel mai semnificativ rezultat a fost acela, că în timpul tratării în electrolizatorul bioreactorului, biodegradabilitatea componentelor organice ale substratului s-a îmbunătățit, ceea ce a dus la obținerea unei cantități sporite biogaz, astfel încât producția de biogaz a fost de 1525 ml în ziua 28 din 640,5 ml de metan, iar în condiții standard, deja în ziua 28, producția de biogaz a scăzut semnificativ la 50 ml, din care 33,4 ml de metan. În același timp, în experimentul de control (fără tratare prin electroliză) s -a atins o valoare scăzută a ORP de până la -495 mV, în timp ce în electrolizatorul bioreactorului ORP a crescut treptat în timpul tuturor etapelor de fermentație, iar în a 28-a zi a ajuns la - 53 mV, valoarea pH-ului s-a stabilizat la un nivel neutru. Semnificația rezultatelor obținute constă în faptul, că a fost confirmat experimenta l efectul pozitiv al furnizării suplimentare de hidrogen exogen în timpul tratării prin electroliză asupra intensificării producției de biogaz, precum și faptul că această tratare a contribuit la eliminarea agenților patogeni, obținându-se nămoluri solide sigure, care pot fi utilizate ulterior ca biofertilizator pentru agricultură

A new soft-shelled trionychid turtle of the genus Khunnuchelys from the Upper Cretaceous Bostobe Formation of Kazakhstan

Previously unpublished trionychid turtle material from the Upper Cretaceous (Santonian–lower Campanian) Bostobe Formation from the Baybishe and Baykhozha localities in Kazakhstan is described. The material represents a new species of Khunnuchelys, a large, skull-based clade of Cretaceous Asian trionychids. Concordant with other partial skulls and fragmentary specimens described previously, Khunnuchelys lophorhothon sp. nov. has the unusual features of a beaklike maxilla and a vaulted, expanded triturating surface. In addition, the specimens reveal novel features including a constricted skull roof. Although estimates of the length of the carapace differ depending on estimation method, the skull belonged to a turtle of comparable size to the shell-based species “Trionyx” kansaiensis from the same formation. It is likely that K. lophorhothon and “T.” kansaiensis are synonymous, but this can be proved only by a find of associated skull and shell material

Synthesis, properties and electrocatalytic application of g-C3N4 for oxygen electrodes of fuel cells

AbstractA new type of metal-free oxygen electrode has been proposed. Its distinguishing feature is applying as an active layer nanodispersed graphitic carbon nitride with electrocatalytic properties controlled by synthesis conditions. Optimal conditions of thermochemical synthesis of g-C3N4 by a heat treatment of a solid mixture of melamine precursor and nitrogen-rich urea additive have been defined. The obtained layered g-C3N4 has been characterized by XRD, selected area electron diffraction, TEM and FTIR. An investigation of the electrocatalytic characteristics of oxygen electrodes has been carried out in a fuel half-cell with alkaline electrolyte. The electrochemical characteristics of the obtained g-C3N4 material with melamine-to-urea ratio 1:2 have been shown to be close to those of platinum electrodes. Electrochemical studies have shown that the obtained carbon nitride is a promising material as metal-free catalyst for oxygen electrodes of fuel cells The long-term testing of produced materials confirmed that they were stable over six months