The Tadpole Of Sphaenorhynchus Caramaschii, With Comments On Larval Morphology Of Sphaenorhynchus (anura: Hylidae)

We describe the tadpole of Sphaenorhynchus caramaschii. It differs from tadpoles of other species of Sphaenorhynchus in having a short spiracle, submarginal papillae, and alternating short and large marginal papillae in the oral disc. Some larval characteristics, like morphology and position of the nostrils, length of the spiracle, and size of the marginal papillae on the oral disc are discussed for tadpoles of other species of Sphaenorhynchus.39042270282Almeida, S.C., Maffei, F., Rolim, D.C., Ubaid, F.K., Jim, J., Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae, Sphaenorhynchus caramaschii, Distribution extension in State of São Paulo, Brazil (2008) Check List, 4, pp. 439-441Altig, R., McDiarmid, R.W., Body plan, development and morphology (1999) Tadpole: The Biology of Anuran Larvae, pp. 24-51. , University of Chicago Press, Chicago and LondonAmiet, J.-L., Les Cardioglossa camerounaises (1972) Science et Nature, 114, pp. 11-24Antunes, A.P., Faivovich, J., Haddad, C.F.B., A new species of Hypsiboas from the atlantic forest of southeastern Brazil (Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae) (2008) Copeia, 1, pp. 179-190. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1643/ch-06-163Barrio, A., Cloricia fisiologica en batracios Anuros (1965) Physis, 25, pp. 69137-69142Benício, R.A., Silva, G.R., Fonseca, M.G., Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae, Sphaenorhynchus lacteus (Daudin, 1800): First record of the genus and species for the State of Piauí, Brazil (2011) Checklist, 7, pp. 196-197Bertoluci, J., Rodrigues, M.T., Utilizac¸ão de habitats reprodutivos e microhabitats de vocalizac¸ão em uma taxocenose de anuros (Amphibia) da Mata Atlântica do sudeste do Brasil (2002) Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, 42, pp. 287-297. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0031-10492002001100001Blackburn, D.C., A new species of Cardioglossa (Amphibia, Anura, Arthroleptidae) endemic to Mount Manengouba in the Republic of Cameroon, with an analysis of morphological diversity in the genus (2008) Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 154, pp. 611-630. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00397.xBokermann, W.C.A., Duas novas espécies de "Sphaenorhynchus" (Amphibia, Hylidae) (1966) Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 26, pp. 15-21Bokermann, W.C.A., Duas novas espécies de Sphaenorhynchus da Bahia (Anura, Hylidae) (1973) Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 33, pp. 589-594Caramaschi, U., Descric¸ão do girino de Sphaenorhynchus surdus (Cochran, 1953) (Anura, Hylidae) (2010) Boletim Do Museu de Biologia Mello Leitão (Nova Série), 27, pp. 67-74Caramaschi, U., Almeida, A.P., Gasparini, J.L., Description of two new species of Sphaenorhynchus (Anura, Hylidae) from the State of Espírito Santo, Southeastern Brazil (2009) Zootaxa, 2115, pp. 34-46Cisneros-Heredia, D.F., McDiarmid, R.W., Revision of the characters of Centrolenidae (Amphibia, Anura, Athesphatanura), with comments on its taxonomy and the description of new taxa of glassfrogs (2007) Zootaxa, 1572, pp. 1-82Cruz, C.A.G., Observac¸ões sobre o girino de Sphaenorhynchus planicola (Lutz & Lutz, 1938). (Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae) (1973) Arquivos Da Universidade Federal Rural, 3, pp. 83-86Cruz, C.A.G., Peixoto, O.L., Notas sobre o girino de Sphaenorhynchus orophilus (Lutz & Lutz, 1938) (Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae) (1980) Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 40, pp. 383-386De Sá, R.O., Hyla albopunctata Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles, 602, pp. 1-5De Sá, R.O., Lavilla, E.O., The tadpole of Pseudis minuta (Anura, Pseudidae), an apparent case of heterochrony (1997) Amphibia-Reptilia, 18, pp. 229-240. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853897x00116Duellman, W.E., (2005) Cusco Amazonico: The Lives of Amphibians and Reptiles in An Amazonian Rainforest, 433p. , Cornell University Press, New YorkDuellman, W.E., De Sá, R.O., A new genus and species of South American hylid frog with a highly modified tadpole (1988) Tropical Zoology, 1, pp. 117-136. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03946975.1988.10539408Duellman, W.E., Wiens, J.J., The status of the hylid frog genus Ololygon and the recognition of Scinax Wagler, 1830 (1992) Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History, 151, pp. 1-23Faivovich, J., A cladistic analysis of Scinax (Anura, Hylidae) (2002) Cladistics, 18, pp. 367-393. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0748-3007(02)00001-4Faivovich, J., Haddad, C.F.B., Garcia, P.C.A., Frost, D.R., Campbell, J.A., Wheeler, W.C., Systematic review of the frog family Hylidae, with special reference to Hylinae, phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision (2005) Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 294, pp. 1-240. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/0003-0090(2005)294[0001:srotff]2.0.co;2Faivovich, J., McDiarmid, R.W., Myers, C.W., Two new species of Myersiohyla (Anura, Hylidae) from Cerro de La Neblina, Venezuela, with comments on other species of the genus (2013) American Museum Novitates, 3792, pp. 1-63. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/3792.1Frost, D.R., (2014) Amphibian Species of the World, An Online Reference. Version 5.2, , http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php, American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. Available from: (accessed 10 July 2014)Garcia, P.C.A., Haddad, C.F.B., Vocalizations and comments on the relationships of Hypsiboas ericae (Amphibia, Hylidae) (2008) Iheringia, 1, pp. 161-166Garcia, P.C.A., Vinciprova, G., Haddad, C.F.B., The taxonomic status of Hyla pulchella joaquini (Anura, Hylidae) with description of its tadpole and vocalization (2003) Herpetologica, 59, pp. 350-363. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1655/01-54Garcia, P.C.A., Faivovich, J., Haddad, C.F.B., Redescription of Hypsiboas semiguttatus, with the description of a new species of the Hypsiboas pulchellus group (2007) Copeia, 4, pp. 933-951. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2007)7[933:rohswt]2.0.co;2Garcia, P.C.A., Peixoto, O.L., Haddad, C.F.B., A new species of Hyspiboas (Anura, Hylidae) from the Atlantic Forest of Santa Catarina, southern Brazil, with comments on its conservation status (2008) South American Journal of Herpetology, 3, pp. 27-35. , http://dx.doi.org/10.2994/1808-9798(2008)3[27:ansoha]2.0.co;2Gosner, K.L., A simplified table for staging anuran embryos and larvae with notes on identification (1960) Herpetologica, 16, pp. 183-190Grosjean, S., The choice of external morphological characters and developmental stages for tadpole-based anuran taxonomy, a case study in Rana (Sylvirana) nigrovittata (Blyth, 1855) (Amphibia, Anura, Ranidae) (2005) Contributions to Zoology, 74, pp. 61-76Harding, K.A., The taxonomic status of Hylopsis platycephalus Werner, 1894 and Centronella Noble, 1920 (Amphibia: Anura) (1991) Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 103, pp. 413-418Heyer, W.R., Rand, A.S., Cruz, C.A.G., Peixoto, O.L., Nelson, C.E., Frogs of Boracéia (1990) Arquivos de Zoologia, 31, pp. 231-410. , http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1446606Kenny, J.S., The amphibia of Trinidad (1969) Studies Fauna Curac¸ao and Other Caribbean Islands, 108, pp. 1-78Kolenc, F., Borteiro, C., Alcade, L., Baldo, D., Cardozo, D., Faivovich, J., Comparative larval morphology of eight species of Hypsiboas Wagler (Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae) from Argentina and Uruguay, with a review of the larvae of this genus (2008) Zootaxa, 1927, pp. 1-66Lamotte, M., Contribution à l'étude des batraciens de l'Ouest africain. XII. - Les formes larvaires de Cardioglossa leucomystax (1961) Bulletin de L'Institut Franc¸ais D'Afrique Noire Série A, 23, pp. 211-216Lavilla, E.O., The tadpole of Hyla nana (Anura, Hylidae) (1990) Journal of Herpetology, 24, pp. 207-209. , http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1564233Lavilla, E.O., Scrocchi, G.J., Morfometría larval de los géneros de Telmatobiinae (Anura, Leptodactylidae) de Argentina y Chile (1986) Physis, 44, pp. 39-43Lötters, S., Reichle, S., Faivovich, J., Bain, R.H., The stream-dwelling tadpole of Hyloscirtus charazani (Anura, Hylidae) from Andean Bolivia (2005) Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 40, pp. 181-185. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01650520500309735Lutz, A., Lutz, B., I. On Hyla aurantiaca Daudin and Sphoenorhynchus Tschudi and on two allied Hylae from southeastern Brasil. II. Two new hylae, H. Albosignata sp. nov. & H. picheli (1938) Anais Da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 10, pp. 175-194MacCulloch, R.D., Lathrop, A., Minter, L.R., Khan, S.Z., Otophryne (Anura, Microhylidae) from the highlands of Guyana, redescriptions, vocalizations, tadpoles and new distributions (2008) Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, 48, pp. 247-261. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0031-10492008002200001Nunes, I., Fusinatto, L.A., Cruz, C.A.G., The tadpole and advertisement call of Sphaenorhynchus palustris Bokermann, 1966 (Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae) (2007) South American Journal of Herpetology, 2, pp. 123-128. , http://dx.doi.org/10.2994/1808-9798(2007)2[123:ttaaco]2.0.co;2Perret, J.-L., Les amphibiens du Cameroun (1966) Zoologische Jahrbücher für Systematik, 8, pp. 289-464Pombal, J.P., Jr., Haddad, C.F.B., Estratégias e modos reprodutivos de anuros (Amphibia) em uma poc¸a permanente na Serra de Paranapiacaba, Sudeste do Brasil (2005) Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, 45, pp. 201-213Pyburn, W.F., An unusual anuran larva from the Vaupés region of southeastern Colombia (1980) Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, 33, pp. 231-238Pyron, R.A., Wiens, J.J., A large-scale phylogeny of Amphibia including over 2,800 species, and a revised classification of extant frogs, salamanders, and caecilians (2011) Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 61, pp. 543-583. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2011.06.012Rossa-Feres, D.C., Nomura, F., Characterization and taxonomic key for tadpoles (Amphibia, Anura) from the northwestern region of São Paulo state, Brazil (2006) Biota Neotropica, 6 (N1). , http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br/v6n1/pt/abstract?identification-key+bn00706012006, Available from (accessed 10 October 2014)Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., Lynch, J.D., Dos nuevas especies de Hyla (amphibia, Anura) de Colombia, con aportes al conocimiento de Hyla bogotensis (1982) Caldasia, 13, pp. 647-671Spirandeli-Cruz, E.F., (1991) Estudo Comparativo Da Morfologia Oral Interna de Larvas de Anfíbios Anuros Que Ocorrem Na Região de Botucatu, (Amphibia, Anura), 237p. , Doctoral Thesis Dissertation, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São PauloSuárez-Mayorga, A.M., Lynch, J.D., Los renacuajos colombianos de Sphaenorhynchus (Hylidae), descripciones, anotaciones sistemáticas y ecológicas (2001) Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, 25, pp. 411-420Toledo, L.F., Garcia, P.C.A., Lingnau, R., Haddad, C.F.B., A new species of Sphaenorhynchus (AnuraHylidae) from Brazil (2007) Zootaxa, 1658, pp. 57-68Wassersug, R.J., Pyburn, W.F., The biology of the Pe-ret toad, Otophryne robusta (Microhylidae), with special consideration of its fossorial larva and systematic relationships (1987) Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 9, pp. 137-169. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1987.tb01726.xWiens, J.J., Graham, C.H., Moen, D.S., Smith, S.A., Reeder, T.W., Evolutionary and ecological causes of the latitudinal diversity gradient in hylid frogs, Treefrog Trees Unearth the Roots of High Tropical Diversity (2006) The American Naturalist, 168, pp. 579-596. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/507882Wiens, J.J., Kuczynski, C.A., Hua, X., Moen, D.S., An expanded phylogeny of treefrogs (Hylidae) based on nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data (2010) Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 55, pp. 871-882. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2010.03.013Wild, E.R., The tadpoles of Hyla fasciata and H. Allenorum, with a key to the tadpoles of the Hyla parviceps group (Anura: Hylidae) (1992) Herpetologica, 48, pp. 439-44

Supplementary Material for: Chromosome Evolution in Dendropsophini (Amphibia, Anura, Hylinae)

Dendropsophini is the most species-rich tribe within Hylidae with 234 described species. Although cytogenetic information is sparse, chromosome numbers and morphology have been considered as an important character system for systematic inferences in this group. Using a diversity of standard and molecular techniques, we describe the previously unknown karyotypes of the genera <i>Xenohyla</i>, <i>Scarthyla</i> and <i>Sphaenorhynchus</i> and provide new information on <i>Dendropsophus</i> and<i> Lysapsus</i>. Our results reveal significant karyotype diversity among Dendropsophini, with diploid chromosome numbers ranging from 2n = 22 in <i>S. goinorum</i>, 2n = 24 in <i>Lysapsus</i>, <i>Scinax</i>, <i>Xenohyla</i>, and almost all species of <i>Sphaenorhynchus</i> and <i>Pseudis</i>, 2n = 26 in <i>S.</i><i>carneus</i>, 2n = 28 in <i>P.</i><i>cardosoi</i>, to 2n = 30 in all known <i>Dendropsophus</i> species. Although nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) and C-banding patterns show a high degree of variability, NOR positions in 2n = 22, 24 and 28 karyotypes and C-banding patterns in <i>Lysapsus</i> and <i>Pseudis</i> are informative cytological markers. Interstitial telomeric sequences reveal a diploid number reduction from 24 to 22 in <i>Scarthyla</i> by a chromosome fusion event. The diploid number of <i>X.</i><i>truncata</i> corroborates the character state of 2n = 30 as a synapomorphy of <i>Dendropsophus</i>