Residual leaf area index as strategy to management of pasture: structure of Tanzania grass

O estudo visa avaliar mudanças na estrutura do pasto de capim Tanzânia sob sistema de lotação intermitente em resposta a diferentes índices de área foliar residual. O experimento foi conduzido no período de outubro/2009 a maio/2011, usando três índices de área foliar residual (0,8 – 1,6 – 2,4 IAFr). O período de descanso foi adotado segundo o critério de 95% de interceptação luminosa. Amostras de forragem foram colhidas em pontos de altura média, pesadas e retirada uma subamostra para a separação dos componentes morfológicos, para estimar as características estruturais e produtivas. No pré-pastejo, não houve efeito do índice de área foliar residual na massa seca de forragem de capim Tanzânia. No pós-pastejo, a massa seca de folhas aumentou com os IAFr testados e a massa seca de colmos foi similar. O uso do índice de área foliar residual como ferramenta para auxiliar no manejo de pastos é efetivo e modifica a estrutura do pasto3The study aims to evaluate changes structural in Tanzania grass pasture under intermittent stocking in response to different levels of residual leaf area. The experiment was carried out from the October/2009 May/2011, testing three levels of residue leaf area (0.8 - 1.6 to 2.4). The rest period was adopted according to the criterion of 95% light interception. Forage samples were harvest at points of average height, after, taken out a subsample for the separation of the morphological components to estimate the structural characteristics and productive. In the pre-grazing, there wasn't effect of leaf area index in residual dry matter forage grass Tanzania. In the post-grazing, the dry mass of leaves increased with the treatments and the dry mass of stems was similar. The use of residual leaf area index as tool to management of pastures is effective and modifies the structure of the pasture. © 2019 Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuc

La stigmatisation de la maladie physique: Le cas du cancer

The literature shows ample evidence of stigmatization of mental illness and infectious diseases. Although cancer does not fall under any of the above categories, it has been stigmatized because of the deleterious consequences of its course and treatment. In fact, in the 21st century, cancer remains a dreaded disease associated with social representations of death, impairment, disfigurement, suffering, and pain. The objectives of this paper are twofold: first, to review theoretical elements that can help understand the stigma associated with physical illness, by defining the concept of stigma, presenting the different theoretical models of stigmatization of physical illness, and describing the psychosocial functions of stigma for both the stigmatized and stigmatizing individuals. Second, to focus on the specificity of cancer-related stigma, with particular reference to the cultural aspects of coping strategies used by oncological patients to address illness and the related stigma, through practices based on popular medicine. As part of the conclusion, it is suggested that cancer-related stigma has undergone several changes during history, from being a fatal disease to being a chronic disease. However, its initially silent course, alarming epidemic behaviour (still uncontrollable despite scientific advances), and treatment characteristics favour negative social representations of cancer (as conviction, sentence of death, suffering, deterioration, pain, affliction, and guilt), which act as iatrogenic factors in the health–disease process, interfering especially in the decision making regarding effective treatments and leading patients to prefer alternative methods based on popular medicine, even if those methods imply risks for their health and quality of life. © Springer-Verlag France 2012