МЕТОДИКА ОБРАБОТКИ ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЫХ ДАННЫХ ПРИ МОДЕЛИРОВАНИИ ДИСПЕРСИИ ИМПЕДАНСА БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ТКАНЕЙ С ПОМОЩЬЮ СХЕМЫ ЗАМЕЩЕНИЯ ФРИКЕ

Purpose. Modeling the dispersion of the biological tissue impedance of vegetable and animal origin using the Fricke equivalent circuit; development of a technique for experimental data processing to determine the approximation coefficients of the dispersion of the biological tissue impedance for this equivalent circuit; study of the features of the equivalent circuit at modeling the dispersion of the impedance, resistance, and reactance; the definition of the frequency domain in which using of the equivalent circuit is correct; revealing and generalization of the main regularities of dissipation of biological tissue impedance of vegetable and animal origin. Methodology. The technique is based on the scientific provisions of theoretical electrical engineering – the theory of the electromagnetic field in nonlinear media in modeling the dispersion of the biological tissue impedance. Results. The electric circuit of the Fricke equivalent circuit allows modeling the dependences of the impedance module of biological tissues, active and reactive components of impedance with acceptable accuracy for practical purposes in the frequency domain from 103 to 106 Hz. The equation of impedance of the Fricke equivalent circuit for biological tissues makes it possible to approximate the frequency dependences of the impedance modulus, active and reactive parts of the total resistance only by using the approximation coefficients corresponding to each part. The developed method for determining the values of the approximation coefficients of the impedance equation for the Fricke equivalent circuit for biological tissues allows to determine these values with high accuracy for various biological tissues. It is shown that the frequency dependences of the active component of the total resistance for tissues of vegetable and animal origin are similar. Originality. The developed technique operates with the normalized values of the impedance modulus of the Fricke equivalent circuit, the active and reactive components of the impedance as a function of frequency, which allows a comparative analysis of the dependencies of these parameters of various biological tissues of plant and animal origin. Practical value. The approximate dependences of the absolute impedance modulus, active and reactive components of the impedance allow modeling processes occurring in biological tissues with the passage of a current of different frequency. Dependence of the impedance of biological tissue can be applied to the design of diagnostic and control equipment to determine the properties of tissues of animal and vegetable origin, including developing more effective medical equipment.Разработана методика обработки экспериментальных данных для определения коэффициентов аппроксимации импеданса биологических тканей растительного и животного происхождения при моделировании дисперсии импеданса с помощью схемы замещения Фрике. Проведен анализ свойств схемы замещения Фрике, ее возможностей и особенностей при моделировании дисперсии импеданса, резистанса и реактанса. Показано, что при нормировании дисперсии активные составляющие импеданса для тканей растительного и животного происхождения подобны

АНАЛИЗ КОНСТРУКЦИЙ ШИХТОВАННЫХ МАГНИТОПРОВОДОВ СИЛОВЫХ ТРЕХФАЗНЫХ ТРАНСФОРМАТОРОВ

Analysis and research into properties and parameters of different-type laminated magnetic cores of three-phase power transformers are conducted. Most of new laminated magnetic core designs are found to have significant shortcomings resulted from design and technological features of their manufacturing. These shortcomings cause increase in ohmic loss in the magnetic core, which eliminates advantages of the new core configurations and makes them uncompetitive as compared with the classical laminated magnetic core design.Проведен анализ и исследование свойств и параметров различных типов шихтованных магнитопроводов силовых трехфазных трансформаторов. Установлено, что большинство новых конструкций шихтованных магнитопроводов, обладают серьезными недостатками, вызванными конструктивными и технологическими особенностями процесса их изготовления. Эти недостатки ведут к увеличению активных потерь в магнитопроводе, что нивелирует их достоинства и не позволяет им конкурировать с классической шихтованной конструкцией магнитопровода.Проведено аналіз та дослідження властивостей й параметрів різних типів шихтованих магнітопроводів силових трифазних трансформаторів. Встановлено, що більшість нових конструкцій шихтованих магнітопроводів мають серйозні недоліками, викликані конструкційними й технологічними особливостями процесу їх виготовлення. Ці недоліки ведуть до збільшення активних втрат у магнітопроводі, що нівелює їх переваги та не дозволяє їм конкурувати із класичною шихтованою конструкцією магнітопроводу

Examining c-di-GMP and possible quorum sensing regulation in Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25:links between intra and inter-cellular regulation benefits community cooperative activities such as biofilm formation

Bacterial success in colonizing complex environments requires individual response to micro-scale conditions as well as community-level cooperation to produce large-scale structures such as biofilms. Connecting individual and community responses could be achieved by linking the intracellular sensory and regulatory systems mediated by bis-(3′-5′)-cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) and other compounds of individuals with intercellular quorum sensing (QS) regulation controlling populations. There is growing evidence to suggest that biofilm formation by many pseudomonads is regulated by both intra and intercellular systems, though in the case of the model Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25 Wrinkly Spreader in which mutations increasing c-di-GMP levels result in the production of a robust cellulose-based air-liquid interface biofilm, no evidence for the involvement of QS regulation has been reported. However, our recent review of the P. fluorescens SBW25 genome has identified a potential QS regulatory pathway and other QS–associated genes linked to c-di-GMP homeostasis, and QS signal molecules have also been identified in culture supernatants. These findings suggest a possible link between c-di-GMP and QS regulation in P. fluorescens SBW25 which might allow a more sophisticated and responsive control of cellulose production and biofilm formation when colonising the soil and plant-associated environments P. fluorescens SBW25 normally inhabits.Анализ ц-ди-ГМФ и возможного чувства кворума у Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW 25: связь между внутри и межклеточной регуляцией способствует кооперативному поведению в сообществе и формированию биоплёнкиУспешность бактериальной колонизации сложных экониш требует индивидуального ответа на изменения условий на микроуровне равно как и кооперации на уровне сообщества для продукции таких крупно масштабных структур как биоплёнки. Координация индивидуальных ответ ов и ответов сообщества может быть достигнута путем связывания внутриклеточных сенсорных и регуляторных систем, опосредуемых бис-(3',5')-циклическим димерным гуанозинмонофосфатом (ц-ди-ГМФ) и другими соединениями индивидуумов с межклеточной регуляцией - чувством кворума (ЧК), контролирующем популяци ю. Накапливается всё больше доказательств того, что формирование биопленки многими псевдомонадами регулируется как внутри клеточными, так и меж клеточными регуляторными системами, хотя в случае модельной Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25 Wrinkly Spreader, у которой мутации, повышающ ие уровни ц-ди-ГМФ, приводят к созданию прочной целлюлозной биоплёнки на границе раздела фаз воздух-жидкость, не было обнаружено ни ка кого свидетельства вовлечения кворум-зависимой регуляции. Однако наш недавний обзор генома P. fluorescens SBW25 выявил потенциальный ЧК-зависимый регуляторный пу ть и другие ЧК-зависимые гены, связанные с гомеостазом ц-ди-ГМФ, а молекулы ЧК-сигналинга были идентифицированы в культуре. Эти данные свидетельствуют о возможной связи между ц-ди-ГМФ-регуляцией и ЧК у P. fluorescens SBW25, что позволяет более сложный и гибкий контроль над продукцией целлюлозы и образовани ем биопленки при колонизации почв и экониш, aссоциированных с растениям и, - естественными средами обитания P. fluorescens SBW25

Creation of Computerized 3D MRI-Integrated Atlases of the Human Basal Ganglia and Thalamus

Functional brain imaging and neurosurgery in subcortical areas often requires visualization of brain nuclei beyond the resolution of current magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods. We present techniques used to create: (1) a lower resolution 3D atlas, based on the Schaltenbrand and Wahren print atlas, which was integrated into a stereotactic neurosurgery planning and visualization platform (VIPER); and (2) a higher resolution 3D atlas derived from a single set of manually segmented histological slices containing nuclei of the basal ganglia, thalamus, basal forebrain, and medial temporal lobe. Both atlases were integrated to a canonical MRI (Colin27) from a young male participant by manually identifying homologous landmarks. The lower resolution atlas was then warped to fit the MRI based on the identified landmarks. A pseudo-MRI representation of the high-resolution atlas was created, and a non-linear transformation was calculated in order to match the atlas to the template MRI. The atlas can then be warped to match the anatomy of Parkinson's disease surgical candidates by using 3D automated non-linear deformation methods. By way of functional validation of the atlas, the location of the sensory thalamus was correlated with stereotactic intraoperative physiological data. The position of subthalamic electrode positions in patients with Parkinson's disease was also evaluated in the atlas-integrated MRI space. Finally, probabilistic maps of subthalamic stimulation electrodes were developed, in order to allow group analysis of the location of contacts associated with the best motor outcomes. We have therefore developed, and are continuing to validate, a high-resolution computerized MRI-integrated 3D histological atlas, which is useful in functional neurosurgery, and for functional and anatomical studies of the human basal ganglia, thalamus, and basal forebrain

The frequency of metabolic syndrome and its individual components in women aged 25–45 years, depending on the level of prolactin

Background: Hyperprolactinemia is one of the most common hypothalamic-pituitary-endocrine disorders in women of reproductive age, with the highest frequency at the age of 25–44 years. In addition to influencing the reproductive system, it is important to study the effects of prolactin (PRL) on various metabolic links. Available data indicate that the effect of PRL on metabolism depends on its level. In this regard, the study of the relationship of different levels of PRL with anthropometric parameters, indicators of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in young women is relevant.Aim: To study the frequency of metabolic syndrome (MS) and its individual components in women aged 25–45 years with different levels of prolactin.Materials and methods: Work design — cross-sectional research. A randompopulationsample of women 25–45 agedwas examined. Pregnant and breastfeeding women with macroprolactinoma, and taking antipsychotics were excluded. Information was collected using a structured ­questionnaire, including, but not limited to, the presence of pregnancies, childbirth, menstrual irregularities, and a clinical examination, anthropometric measurements, biochemical and hormonal blood analyzes were performed. Statistical data processing was carried out.Results: According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, this analysis presents data from 401 women, the average age of the examibed was 36.14±6.19 years. There was no difference in the levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone and prolactin (PRL) in the age groups of 25–34 and 35–45 years. According to the survey, the incidence of thyroid diseases in the studied groups is comparable. Every fifth woman indicated menstrual irregularities. Among women 25–45 years old, women with low-normal PRL values (Me = 4.49 [3.52; 5.41] ng/ml) have more unfavorable metabolic indicators. Metabolic syndrome (MS) was detected in 28%,with a predominant increase in the frequency of abdominal obesity — 55%, hypercholesterolemic LDL — 63%. Women with high PRL (Me = 41.35 [34.78; 45.88] ng / ml) also have an unfavorable metabolic profile: MS was detected in 47%, abdominal obesity — 56%, hypertension — 39%.Conclusions: In women 25–45 years old, low and high PRL values are more often associated with metabolic ill health. PRL values are from 7.8 to 28 ng / ml, i.e. conditionally defined as normal, highly normal and at the level of moderate hyperprolactinemia contribute to the maintenance of a favorable metabolic profile. When deciding on the treatment of women with non-tumor etiology hyperprolactinemia, it is important to assess the metabolic status, expanding their understanding of PRL as a hormone associated only with lactation and with the pituitary-gonad axis

The frequency of metabolically healthy and unhealthy phenotypes in women aged 25–44 years with different levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone, prolactin, leptin

Reports that the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases in obesity is not the same, led to the allocation of metabolically healthy and unhealthy phenotypes (MHP and MUHP), this concept is based on the ability of adipose tissue to produce a number of adipokines, one of which is leptin. Hormones such as thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and prolactin (PRL) are interesting from the point of view of their effect on metabolism. Aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence of MHP and MUHP in young women with different body mass index (BMI) and hormonal status (TSH, PRL, leptin) in different phenotypes. Material and methods. A group of women (n = 655) was selected from a representative sample of the Novosibirsk population aged 25–44 to study clinical and laboratory parameters. The design is a cross – sectional, observational, single – centre study. IDF, 2005 and NCEP ATP III, 2001 criteria were used to evaluate the MHP and MUHP. Results and discussion. The prevalence of MUHP in young women in Novosibirsk was 22.3 %, MHP – 77.7 % according to IDF, 2005; according to NCEP ATP III, 2001 – 13.1 and 86.9 %, respectively. The prevalence of MUHP increased with increasing BMI from 4.0 to 72.0 % according to IDF, 2005 and from 2.3 to 58.0 % according to NCEP ATP III, 2001, respectively. In obese women, MUHP was detected twice as often as MHP – 72 and 28 % according to IDF, 2005, 58 and 42 % according to NCEP ATP III, 2001. TSH and PRL do not provide information about metabolic health in young women. Leptin content is associated with BMI. The threshold value of the leptin level was 18.3 ng/ml with maximum sensitivity and specificity (Se = 53.3 %, Sp = 81.5 %), 14.5 ng/ml with equal sensitivity and specificity (Se = 65.7 %, Sp = 65.7 %). The area under ROC curve (AUC) for diagnosis of MUHP was 0.727 (SE = 0.029, p < 0.0001). Conclusion. The frequency of MHP in young women decreases with increasing BMI. MUHP is 3.5 times less common than MHP according to IDF criteria, 2005. TSH and PRL are not associated with the metabolic phenotype in young women. A leptin level more than 18.3 ng/ml has been identified as one of the markers for the recognition of MUHP in women aged 25–44 years, regardless of BMI

Results of targeted sequencing of the <i>PRL, PRLR, PRLHR</i> genes in young women with non-tumor hyperprolactinemia

Aim. To study the spectrum of variants in the PRL, PRLR, PRLHR genes in women of reproductive age with non-tumor hyperprolactinemia. Material and methods. In women with non-tumor hyperprolactinemia (n = 15), targeted high-throughput sequencing of the PRL, PRLR, and PRLHR genes was performed. The target panel of genes included coding regions and adjacent splicing sites. Results. When analyzing the PRL, PRLR, PRLHR genes, a number of rare and common variants were identified. The common variant rs1205955 was found in the PRL gene (MAF А = 0.279). For the PRLR gene, a rare variant rs185353023 was identified in the 3’UTR (MAF А/С = 0.003) and 12 common variants. For the PRLHR gene, 10 common variants have been identified. The maximum number of variants was localized in the 3’UTR region and introns. Conclusions. For the first time in Russia, targeted high-throughput sequencing of the PRL, PRLR, PRLHR genes was performed, the results of which did not reveal obvious pathological variants in the studied genes in women with high prolactin content of non-tumor origin. The discovered polymorphism in these genes makes it possible to further study its association with impaired function of the prolactin link of hormonal regulation

15-year risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus and its relationship with personal anxiety, sleep disturbance among men 45-69 years old in Russia /Siberia (international epidemiological study “HAPIEE”)

BACKGROUND:&nbsp;Determine the effect of personal anxiety, sleep disorders on the 15-year risk of developing (RR) diabetes mellitus (DM) type 2 among men (M) 45-69 years in Russia / Siberia (Novosibirsk). METHODS:&nbsp;In 2003&ndash;2005 As part of the IV screening of the international epidemiological study &ldquo;HAPIEE&rdquo;, a representative sample of m 45&ndash;69 years was examined (n=781 M, mean age-56.48&plusmn;0.20 years, response &ndash; 61.00%). The level of personal anxiety (PA) was assessed using the Spielberger scale (HPA &ndash; high, MPA &ndash; medium, LPA &ndash; low). With the help of the scale &ldquo;Knowledge and attitude to one&rsquo;s health&rdquo;, the level of sleep disorders (SD) was assessed. The period of observation of the cohort was 15 years. To check the statistical significance of the differences between the groups, the Pearson &chi;2&nbsp;test was used. For risk assessment, Cox-regression single-factor and multivariate regression proportional hazards model was used (Cox-&shy;regression). RESULTS:&nbsp;Among persons with the first occurrence of DM type 2, HPA at the screening was 59.50%, and 63.30% had SD. The combination of HPA and SD was significant among M with the first-onset diabetes mellitus. During the 15-year period, among M with HLA, the risk of developing type 2 diabetes was 1.60 times higher than without. Among people with SD, the&nbsp;risk of developing type 2 diabetes was 2.40 times higher than without. In Cox &ndash; the proportional multifactor model, each variable had its own independent influence. HPA increased the RR DM of the 2nd type by 1.90 times, and SD &ndash; by 2.80 times. CONCLUSION:&nbsp;It was established that a high level of PA and SD are independent predictors of type 2 diabetes, moreover, with SD, the risk of developing type 2 diabetes is higher than with a high level of PA