Making subaltern shikaris: histories of the hunted in colonial central India

Academic histories of hunting or shikar in India have almost entirely focused on the sports hunting of British colonists and Indian royalty. This article attempts to balance this elite bias by focusing on the meaning of shikar in the construction of the Gond ‘tribal’ identity in late nineteenth and early twentieth-century colonial central India. Coining the term ‘subaltern shikaris’ to refer to the class of poor, rural hunters, typically ignored in this historiography, the article explores how the British managed to use hunting as a means of state penetration into central India’s forest interior, where they came to regard their Gond forest-dwelling subjects as essentially and eternally primitive hunting tribes. Subaltern shikaris were employed by elite sportsmen and were also paid to hunt in the colonial regime’s vermin eradication programme, which targeted tigers, wolves, bears and other species identified by the state as ‘dangerous beasts’. When offered economic incentives, forest dwellers usually willingly participated in new modes of hunting, even as impact on wildlife rapidly accelerated and became unsustainable. Yet as non-indigenous approaches to nature became normative, there was sometimes also resistance from Gond communities. As overkill accelerated, this led to exclusion of local peoples from natural resources, to their increasing incorporation into dominant political and economic systems, and to the eventual collapse of hunting as a livelihood. All of this raises the question: To what extent were subaltern subjects, like wildlife, ‘the hunted’ in colonial India

Study of electrical conduction mechanism of succinic acid doped glycine pellet

The electrical conductivity of succinic acid doped glycine pellet has been measured by studying the I-V characteristics at various temperatures in the range 313K-353K. The results are presented in the form of I-V characteristics and analysis has been made by interpretation of Poole- Frenkel, Fowler- Nordheim, Schottky, log(J) versus T plots, Richardson and Arrehenius plots. It is observed that the conduction mechanism in the present case is a cooperative process, with Poole-Frankel type in low field range and Fowler-Nordheim mechanism in high field range.Author Affiliation: D K Burghate, S H Deshmukh, V P Akhare, Laxmi Joshi and V S Deogaonkar 1.P. G. Department of Physics, Shri Shivaji Science College, Amravati-444603, Maharashtra, India E-mail [email protected] P T Deshmukh Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Polytechnic, Amravati-444 603, Maharashtra, IndiaP. G. Department of Physics, Shri Shivaji Science College, Amravati-444603, Maharashtra, India P T Deshmukh Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Polytechnic, Amravati-444 603, Maharashtra, Indi

Copolymer formation through ultrasonic and viscosity measurements

984-986Ultrasonic velocity (U), viscosity (η), adiabatic compressibility (βa) and viscous relaxation time (τ) have been measured in binary mixtures of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) at different temperatures 298, 303, 308, 313 and 318K at frequency 2 MHz. The observed maxima in ultrasonic velocity, viscosity, relaxation time and minima in adiabatic compressibility are attributed to molecular interactions between PVC and PVAc due to proton donor-acceptor interactions