81 research outputs found
Two-dimensional multi-pole solitons in nonlocal nonlinear media
We present the experimental observation of scalar multi-pole solitons in
highly nonlocal nonlinear media, including dipole-, tri-pole, quadru-pole, and
necklace-type solitons, organized as arrays of out-of-phase bright spots. These
complex solitons are meta-stable, but with a large parameters range where the
instability is weak, enabling their experimental observation.Comment: 12 pages, 2 figure
Enhanced soliton interactions by inhomogeneous nonlocality and nonlinearity
We address the interactions between optical solitons in the system with
longitudinally varying nonlocality degree and nonlinearity strength. We
consider a physical model describing light propagation in nematic liquid
crystals featuring a strongly nonlocal nonlinear response. We reveal that the
variation of the nonlocality and nonlinearity along the propagation direction
can substantially enhance or weaken the interaction between out-of-phase
solitons. This phenomenon manifests itself as a slowdown or acceleration of the
soliton collision dynamics in one-dimensional geometries or of the soliton
spiraling rate in bulk media. Therefore, one finds that by engineering the
nonlocality and nonlinearity variation rate one can control the output soliton
location.Comment: 22 pages, 5 figures, to appear in Physical Review
Lattice-supported surface solitons in nonlocal nonlinear media
We reveal that lattice interfaces imprinted in nonlocal nonlinear media
support surface solitons that do not exist in other similar settings, including
interfaces of local and nonlocal uniform materials. We show the impact of
nonlocality on the domains of existence and stability of the surface solitons,
focusing on new types of dipole solitons residing partially inside the optical
lattice. We find that such solitons feature strongly asymmetric shapes and that
they are stable in large parts of their existence domain.Comment: 13 pages, 3 figures, to appear in Optics Letter
Propagation of solitons in thermal media with periodic nonlinearity
We address the existence and properties of solitons in layered thermal media
made of alternating focusing and defocusing layers. Such structures support
robust bright solitons even if the averaged nonlinearity is defocusing. We show
that non-oscillating solitons may form in any of the focusing domains, even in
those located close to the sample edge, in contrast to uniform thermal media
where light beams always oscillate when not launched exactly on the sample
center. Stable multipole solitons may include more than four spots in layered
media.Comment: 12 pages, 3 figures, to appear in Optics Letter
Power-dependent soliton steering in thermal nonlinear media
We address the existence and properties of optical solitons excited in
thermal nonlinear media with a transverse refractive index gradient. We show
that in such a geometry one can generate controllable switching from surface
soliton propagating near the sample edges to bulk solitons. Beam steering
associated to the different soliton output locations can be achieved by varying
the input light intensity.Comment: 13 pages, 3 figures, to appear in Optics Letter
Multipole vector solitons in nonlocal nonlinear media
We show that multipole solitons can be made stable via vectorial coupling in
bulk nonlocal nonlinear media. Such vector solitons are composed of mutually
incoherent nodeless and multipole components jointly inducing a nonlinear
refractive index profile. We found that stabilization of the otherwise highly
unstable multipoles occurs below a maximum energy flow. Such threshold is
determined by the nonlocality degree.Comment: 13 pages, 3 figures, to appear in Optics Letter
Nonlinear vortex light beams supported and stabilized by dissipation
We describe nonlinear Bessel vortex beams as localized and stationary
solutions with embedded vorticity to the nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation with
a dissipative term that accounts for the multi-photon absorption processes
taking place at high enough powers in common optical media. In these beams,
power and orbital angular momentum are permanently transferred to matter in the
inner, nonlinear rings, at the same time that they are refueled by spiral
inward currents of energy and angular momentum coming from the outer linear
rings, acting as an intrinsic reservoir. Unlike vortex solitons and dissipative
vortex solitons, the existence of these vortex beams does not critically depend
on the precise form of the dispersive nonlinearities, as Kerr self-focusing or
self-defocusing, and do not require a balancing gain. They have been shown to
play a prominent role in "tubular" filamentation experiments with powerful,
vortex-carrying Bessel beams, where they act as attractors in the beam
propagation dynamics. Nonlinear Bessel vortex beams provide indeed a new
solution to the problem of the stable propagation of ring-shaped vortex light
beams in homogeneous self-focusing Kerr media. A stability analysis
demonstrates that there exist nonlinear Bessel vortex beams with single or
multiple vorticity that are stable against azimuthal breakup and collapse, and
that the mechanism that renders these vortexes stable is dissipation. The
stability properties of nonlinear Bessel vortex beams explain the experimental
observations in the tubular filamentation experiments.Comment: Chapter of boo
Roadmap on optical energy conversion
For decades, progress in the field of optical (including solar) energy conversion was dominated by advances in the conventional concentrating optics and materials design. In recent years, however, conceptual and technological breakthroughs in the fields of nanophotonics and plasmonics combined with a better understanding of the thermodynamics of the photon energy-conversion processes reshaped the landscape of energy-conversion schemes and devices. Nanostructured devices and materials that make use of size quantization effects to manipulate photon density of states offer a way to overcome the conventional light absorption limits. Novel optical spectrum splitting and photon-recycling schemes reduce the entropy production in the optical energy-conversion platforms and boost their efficiencies. Optical design concepts are rapidly expanding into the infrared energy band, offering new approaches to harvest waste heat, to reduce the thermal emission losses, and to achieve noncontact radiative cooling of solar cells as well as of optical and electronic circuitries. Light–matter interaction enabled by nanophotonics and plasmonics underlie the performance of the third- and fourth-generation energy-conversion devices, including up- and down-conversion of photon energy, near-field radiative energy transfer, and hot electron generation and harvesting. Finally, the increased market penetration of alternative solar energy-conversion technologies amplifies the role of cost-driven and environmental considerations. This roadmap on optical energy conversion provides a snapshot of the state of the art in optical energy conversion, remaining challenges, and most promising approaches to address these challenges. Leading experts authored 19 focused short sections of the roadmap where they share their vision on a specific aspect of this burgeoning research field. The roadmap opens up with a tutorial section, which introduces major concepts and terminology. It is our hope that the roadmap will serve as an important resource for the scientific community, new generations of researchers, funding agencies, industry experts, and investors.United States. Department of Energy (DE-AC36-086038308
Food-Web Structure of Seagrass Communities across Different Spatial Scales and Human Impacts
Seagrass beds provide important habitat for a wide range of marine species but are threatened by multiple human impacts in coastal waters. Although seagrass communities have been well-studied in the field, a quantification of their food-web structure and functioning, and how these change across space and human impacts has been lacking. Motivated by extensive field surveys and literature information, we analyzed the structural features of food webs associated with Zostera marina across 16 study sites in 3 provinces in Atlantic Canada. Our goals were to (i) quantify differences in food-web structure across local and regional scales and human impacts, (ii) assess the robustness of seagrass webs to simulated species loss, and (iii) compare food-web structure in temperate Atlantic seagrass beds with those of other aquatic ecosystems. We constructed individual food webs for each study site and cumulative webs for each province and the entire region based on presence/absence of species, and calculated 16 structural properties for each web. Our results indicate that food-web structure was similar among low impact sites across regions. With increasing human impacts associated with eutrophication, however, food-web structure show evidence of degradation as indicated by fewer trophic groups, lower maximum trophic level of the highest top predator, fewer trophic links connecting top to basal species, higher fractions of herbivores and intermediate consumers, and higher number of prey per species. These structural changes translate into functional changes with impacted sites being less robust to simulated species loss. Temperate Atlantic seagrass webs are similar to a tropical seagrass web, yet differed from other aquatic webs, suggesting consistent food-web characteristics across seagrass ecosystems in different regions. Our study illustrates that food-web structure and functioning of seagrass habitats change with human impacts and that the spatial scale of food-web analysis is critical for determining results
Optimal Afforestation Contracts with Asymmetric Information on Private Environmental Benefits
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