Nature prepares the site, but it is man who creates the organism

The analysis of the geographical conditions of the site and of the main events of the birth and evolution of the urban settlement allows to identify the fundamental elements of the urban structure and morphology of the historic city. The overcrossing of the city walls threshold and the succession of planning tools that determine the open extra moenia urban expansion allow to qualify and understand the transition to the contemporary condition. Starting from these premises, which are based on the reference to fundamental works such as Pierre Lavedan's Géographie des Villes (1959) and the urban analysis essay dedicated to the city of Padua (Aymonino et al 1970), but also on the work of the author on the ‘planning history’ of cities (Orioli 2008; 2017; Orioli & Massari 2020), this contribution develops a survey on the city of Bologna. The identification of the fundamental elements of the urban structure and of the overlaying of the different planning tools, related in particular to the former Navile Market, proposes an approach that offers essential reference points for mapping and understanding several middle-sized cities in the European context

Assessment of the usability and accuracy of two-diode models for photovoltaic modules

Many diode-based equivalent circuits for simulating the electrical behaviour of photovoltaic (PV) cells and panels are reported in the scientific literature. Two-diode equivalent circuits, which require more complex procedures to calculate the seven model parameters, are less numerous. The model parameters are generally calculated using the data extracted from the datasheets issued by the PV panel manufactures and adopting simplifying hypotheses and numerical solving techniques. A criterion for rating both the usability and accuracy of two-diode models is proposed in this paper with the aim of supporting researchers and designers, working in the area of PV systems, to select and use a model that may be fit for purpose. The criterion adopts a three-level rating scale that considers the ease of finding the data used by the analytical procedure, the simplicity of the mathematical tools needed to perform calculations and the accuracy achieved in calculating the current and power. The analytical procedures, the simplifying hypotheses and the operative steps to calculate the parameters of the most famous two-diode equivalent circuits are exhaustively described in this paper. The accuracy of the models is tested by comparing the characteristics issued by the PV panel manufacturers with the current-voltage (I-V) curves, at constant solar irradiance and/or cell temperature, calculated with the analysed models with. The results of the study show that the two-diode models recently proposed reach accuracies that are comparable with the values derived from the one-diode models

Human MAF1 targets and represses active RNA polymerase III genes by preventing recruitment rather than inducing long-term transcriptional arrest.

RNA polymerase III (Pol III) is tightly controlled in response to environmental cues, yet a genomic-scale picture of Pol III regulation and the role played by its repressor MAF1 is lacking. Here, we describe genome-wide studies in human fibroblasts that reveal a dynamic and gene-specific adaptation of Pol III recruitment to extracellular signals in an mTORC1-dependent manner. Repression of Pol III recruitment and transcription are tightly linked to MAF1, which selectively localizes at Pol III loci, even under serum-replete conditions, and increasingly targets transcribing Pol III in response to serum starvation. Combining Pol III binding profiles with EU-labeling and high-throughput sequencing of newly synthesized small RNAs, we show that Pol III occupancy closely reflects ongoing transcription. Our results exclude the long-term, unproductive arrest of Pol III on the DNA as a major regulatory mechanism and identify previously uncharacterized, differential coordination in Pol III binding and transcription under different growth conditions

UN MODELLO ALLE DIFFERENZE FINITE DI UN PANNELLO FOTOVOLTAICO ACCOPPIATO A MATERIALE A CAMBIAMENTO DI FASE

La diffusione commerciale dei dispositivi fotovoltaici presenta negli ultimi anni un trend di crescita significativa a livello internazionale. Numerose ricerche sono state svolte al fine di incrementare l\u2019efficienza di conversione elettrica dei pannelli fotovoltaici e tra le soluzioni indagate \ue8 stato sperimentato l\u2019impiego di materiali a cambiamento di fase (MCF) per ridurre i picchi di temperatura di funzionamento. Nel lavoro \ue8 stato sviluppato un algoritmo di calcolo in grado di fornire l\u2019andamento temporale della temperatura di un pannello fotovoltaico accoppiato a materiale a cambiamento di fase (Sistema PV-MCF). La determinazione della distribuzione di temperature che interessano un sistema PV-MCF \ue8 stata affrontata con il metodo delle differenze finite in geometria monodimensionale. Sono state definite le equazioni di conservazione dell\u2019energia per ogni punto nodale in cui \ue8 stato discretizzato il sistema fisico, differenziandole per i nodi \u201cinterni\u201d e per i nodi \u201csuperficiali\u201d. Le equazioni alle differenze finite sono state formulate esplicitamente rispetto alla variabile temporale e sono state codificate in un apposito software. Il confronto con alcune soluzioni analitiche largamente impiegate nella bibliografia di settore ha permesso di verificare la correttezza e la validit\ue0 dell\u2019approccio sviluppato

Praticare l'urbanistica. Traiettorie tra innovazione sociale e pianificazione

In un tempo di crisi molteplici e interconnesse, la città e i suoi spazi sono il campo in cui si misurano diverse posizioni e linguaggi, che riflettono la complessità e colgono condizioni radicalmente cambiate nel definirsi delle questioni urbane e territoriali. Tra le “parole nuove” che meglio interpretano questa tendenza, “innovazione sociale” racchiude con maggiore ampiezza significati, orientamenti, prospettive che sottintendono in qualche misura una presa di distanza o una volontà di cambiamento rispetto a pratiche tradizionalmente patrimonio dell’urbanistica. La comprensione delle reciproche influenze fra il “concetto-ombrello” di innovazione sociale e gli strumenti e le pratiche propri dell’urbanistica rappresenta l’orizzonte di questo lavoro, che trae le premesse sia dal confronto con le più recenti riflessioni maturate nel campo degli studi urbani, che dall’esperienza didattica e di ricerca delle autrici. La città di Bologna rappresenta in questo contesto un terreno comune di riflessione e sperimentazione sulla reciproca distanza tra il concetto ampio di innovazione sociale e la pratica dell’urbanistica. È attraverso le esperienze condotte sul campo che le autrici tentano di definire la portata operativa dell’innovazione sociale rispetto alla pianificazione urbanistica, e un possibile contributo per fronteggiare le crisi che stiamo attraversando, provare a trasformare la disciplina urbanistica e immaginare nuove figure professionali all’opera nelle città

Survival and reoperation in acute aortic syndromes - a single-centre experience of 912 patients

OBJECTIVES: Acute aortic syndromes are associated with poor outcomes, despite diagnostic and therapeutic advances. We analysed trends in volumes and outcomes from 2000 to 2021. METHODS: The study population includes 494 type A acute aortic syndromes (TAAAS) (54.2%) and 418 type B acute aortic syndromes (TBAAS) (45.8%). Primary outcomes were in-hospital mortality, long-term survival and freedom from aortic reoperation. RESULTS: Regardless the type of acute aortic syndrome, patient volumes increased over time. Patients with TBAAS were older, more likely to have comorbid conditions and previous cardiac surgery (P < 0.001), while cerebrovascular accidents were more frequent in TAAAS (P < 0.05). Among TAAAS, 143 (28.9%) required total arch and 351 (71.1%) hemiarch replacement. TBAAS management was medical therapy in 182 (43.5%), endovascular in 198 (47.4%) and surgical in 38 (9.1%) cases. Overall in-hospital mortality was 14.6% [18.2% in TAAAS (95% confidence interval (CI) 14.4-21.2%) vs 10.7% in TBAAS (95% CI 7.8%-13.7%); P = 0.0027]. After propensity score adjustment, in-hospital mortality exhibited a significantly decreasing trend from 2000 to 2021 (P < 0.001) in TAAAS and TBAAS. 1-, 5- and 10-year survival was 74.2%, 62.2% and 45.5% in TAAAS and 75.4%, 60.7% and 41.0% in TBAAS (P = 0.975), with no differences among treatment strategies. The adjusted cumulative reoperation risk at 10 years was more than two-fold in TBAAS versus TAAAS (9.5% vs 20.5%, hazard ratio (HR) = 2.30, 95% I 1.31-4.04). CONCLUSIONS: In the last decades, better patient triage and surgical/endovascular techniques led to substantial improvements in the management of acute aortic syndrome, with reduction in early mortality and reoperation rate. However, long-term mortality is still >50%

Nitrogen fertilization management in no-tillage maize with different witer crops.

The nitrogen (N) utilization by maize grown in a no-tillage system is dependent on the quality of the preceding crop residues, which may promote differences in N fertilization efficiency with respect to time. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the nutritional state, dry matter production and grain yield of maize grown in a clayey soil (Typic Acrustox) under a no-tillage system. The split-plot experimental design was set up in randomized complete blocks with three replications, in which the main plot was treated with different N application strategies and the split-plots were planted with winter crops (soybean and maize). The fertilizer strategies (rate: 120 kg ha-1 of N) used were as follows: (0 ? 0), (20 ? 100), (60 ? 60), (120 ? 0) and (0 ? 120), with the first number corresponding to the rate of N (kg ha-1) applied before planting and the second number corresponding to the top dressing rate (V4-5 stage). Nitrogen fertilization raised the N content (in shoots and leaves) and maize yield (in the shoot dry matter and grain). The maize grown after soybean had both greater N concentrations and production (dry matter and grain) relative to the maize grown after maize. Applying 120 kg ha-1 N did not significantly affect the evaluated variables, regardless of the winter crop

Adubação fosfatada corretiva para cultura do milho.

O experimento foi conduzido durante três anos consecutivos, em condições de campo, em um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico argiloso, com o objetivo de verificar os efeitos da adubação fosfatada corretiva na produção de grãos de milho e em algumas características químicas do solo. Foram utilizadas seis doses de termofosfato magnesiano (0 – 180 – 270 – 360 – 450 – 540 kg ha-1 de P2O5), aplicadas no primeiro ano, a lanço com posterior incorporação com grade. Verificou-se que a adubação fosfatada corretiva promoveu incrementos significativos na produção de grãos de milho e nos teores de P no solo. De maneira geral, doses superiores a 270 kg ha-1 de P2O5 foram eficientes até o terceiro ano agrícola. Uma produção relativa de 90% esteve associada a uma concentração de P no solo ao redor de 15 mg dm-3 . A dose mais elevada de termofosfato promoveu, nos dois primeiros anos, um aumento significativo na saturação por bases, valor de pH e teores de Ca e Mg no sol