Unrecorded alcohol consumption in Russia: toxic denaturants and disinfectants pose additional risks

In 2005, 30% of all alcohol consumption in Russia was unrecorded. This paper describes the chemical composition of unrecorded and low cost alcohol, including a toxicological evaluation. Alcohol products (n=22) from both recorded and unrecorded sources were obtained from three Russian cities (Saratov, Lipetsk and Irkutsk) and were chemically analyzed. Unrecorded alcohols included homemade samogons, medicinal alcohols and surrogate alcohols. Analysis included alcoholic strength, levels of volatile compounds (methanol, acetaldehyde, higher alcohols), ethyl carbamate, diethyl phthalate (DEP) and polyhexamethyleneguanidine hydrochloride (PHMG). Single samples showed contamination with DEP (275–1269 mg/l) and PHMG (515 mg/l) above levels of toxicological concern. Our detailed chemical analysis of Russian alcohols showed that the composition of vodka, samogon and medicinal alcohols generally did not raise major public health concerns other than for ethanol. It was shown, however, that concentration levels of DEP and PHMG in some surrogate alcohols make these samples unfit for human consumption as even moderate drinking would exceed acceptable daily intakes

Physical gyrocompassing using the sensor angular velocity

Розглядається можливість використання вихідного сигналу датчика кутової швидкості для проведення фізичного гірокомпасування гіроплатформи, в тому числі для створення окремого курсовказуючого пристрою.The possibility of using the output angular velocity sensor for platform physical gyro compassing to create a separate heading indicator device is considered.Рассматривается возможность использования выходного сигнала датчика угловой скорости для осуществления физического гирокомпасирования гироплатформы, в том числе, для создания отдельного курсоуказывающего устройства