511 research outputs found
On the Equivalence of Dual Theories
We discuss the equivalence of two dual scalar field theories in 2 dimensions.
The models are derived though the elimination of different fields in the same
Freedman--Townsend model. It is shown that tree -matrices of these models do
not coincide. The 2-loop counterterms are calculated. It turns out that while
one of these models is single-charged, the other theory is multi-charged. Thus
the dual models considered are non-equivalent on classical and quantum levels.
It indicates the possibility of the anomaly leading to non-equivalence of dual
models.Comment: 14 pages, LaTeX; 2 figures, encapsulated PostScrip
Π ΠΠΠΠΠ’ΠΠ Π«Π₯ ΠΠΠΠΠ©ΠΠΠΠ―Π₯ Π‘ΠΠΠ¬ΠΠ Π‘ΠΠΠΠΠ’Π ΠΠ§ΠΠ«Π₯ ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ
The paper deals with the symmetry properties of the associated closed convex polyhedra in three-dimensional Euclidean space. Themes work relates in part to the problem of generalization class of regular (Platonic) polyhedra. Historically, the first such generalizations are equiangularly-semiregular (Archimedean) polyhedra. The direction of generalization of regular polyhedra, considered by the author in this paper due to the symmetry axes of the convex polyhedron. A convex polyhedron is called symmetric if it has at least one non-trivial symmetry axis. All the axis of symmetry of the polyhedron intersect at one point called the center of the polyhedron. All considered the polyhedra are polyhedra with the center. Previously we listed all polyhedra, strongly symmetrical with respect to rotation of faces, as well as their dual-metrically polyhedra strongly symmetric with respect to the rotation polyhedral angles [9]β[15]. It is interesting to note that among the highly symmetric polyhedra there are exactly eight of which are not even equivalent to combinatorial Archimedean or equiangularly semiregular polyhedra. By definition, the property of strong symmetry polyhedron requires a global symmetry of the polyhedron with respect to each axis of symmetry perpendicular to the faces of the polyhedron. It is therefore of interest to find weaker conditions on the symmetry elements of the polyhedron. We give a new proof of the local criterion of strong symmetry of the polyhedron, which is based on the properties of the axes of two consecutive rotations. We also consider two classes of polyhedra that generalize the concept of a strongly rotationally symmetrical faces of: a class of polyhedra with isolated asymmetrical faces and the class of polyhedra with isolated asymmetrical zone.Β It is proved that every polyhedron with isolated asymmetrical faces can be obtained by cutting off the vertices or edges of a polyhedron, highly symmetrical with respect to rotation faces; and each polyhedron with isolated asymmetrical zone by build axially symmetric truncated pyramids on some facets of one of the highly symmetric with respect to rotation of the faces of the polyhedron.In each of these classes there are the largest number of polyhedron faces excluding two infinite series: truncated prisms; truncated on two apex and elongated bipyramid.Β Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠΈΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° Π·Π°ΠΌΠΊΠ½ΡΡΡΡ
Π²ΡΠΏΡΠΊΒ Π»ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΡΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π΅Π²ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π΅. Π’Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΊ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
(ΠΏΠ»Π°Β ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
) ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ². ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ (Π°ΡΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Ρ) ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Β Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ΅ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ Π² Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ΠΎ Ρ ΠΎΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΠΏΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°. ΠΡΠΏΡΠΊΠ»ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ Ρ
ΠΎΒ ΡΡ Π±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΈΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½Β Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°. ΠΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½Β Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΎΠΌ. Π Π°Π½Π΅Π΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π³ΡΠ°Π½Π΅ΠΉ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΒ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½Β Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ³Π»ΠΎΠ² [9] β [15]. ΠΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΒ Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π°ΡΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΏΡΠ°Β Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ. ΠΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅Ρ Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΏΠ΅Π½Π΄ΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Β ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ»Π°Π±ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΈΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Β ΡΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°. ΠΠ°Π½ΠΎ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΒ Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ
ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π΄Π²ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΒ Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π²Π° ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ° ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΒ ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π³ΡΠ°Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°: ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊ Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΒ Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΏΡΡΡΠΌ ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ±Π΅ΡΒ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°, ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Β Π½ΠΈΡ Π³ΡΠ°Π½Π΅ΠΉ; Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊ Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ-ΠΏΡΡΡΠΌ Π½Π°Π΄ΡΡΡΠ°ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄ Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Β Π½ΠΈΡ Π³ΡΠ°Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊ Ρ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΠΌ Π³ΡΠ°Π½Π΅ΠΉ, Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Ρ Π΄Π²ΡΡ
Π±Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ: ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌ; ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎ Π΄Π²ΡΠΌ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠ΄Π»ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ½Π½ΡΡ
Π±ΠΈΒ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄.
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ‘Π‘Π Π‘ΠΠΠ¬ΠΠ Π‘ΠΠΠΠΠ’Π ΠΠ§ΠΠ«Π₯ ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ
We prove the completeness of the list of closed convex polyhedra in E3, that are stronglyΒ symmetric with respect to the rotation of the faces .Β Polyhedron is called symmetric if it has at least one non-trivial rotation axis. All axesΒ intersect at a single point called the center of the polyhedron. All considered polyhedra areΒ polyhedra with the center.Β A convex polyhedron is called a strongly symmetrical with respect to the rotation of theΒ faces, if each of its faces Fhas an rotation axis L, intersects the relative interior of F, and LisΒ the rotation axis of the polyhedron.Β It is obvious that the order of rotation axis of Ldoes not necessarily coincide with the orderΒ of this axis, if the face of Fregarded as a figure separated from the polyhedron.Β It has previously been shown, that the requirement of global symmetry of the polyhedronΒ faces the rotation axis can be replaced by the weaker condition of symmetry of the star of eachΒ face of the polyhedron: to polyhedron was symmetrical with respect to the rotation of the faces,Β it is necessary and sufficient that some nontrivial rotation axis of each face, regarded as a figureΒ separated from the polyhedron, is the rotation axis of the star of face.Β Under the star of face Fis understood face itself and all faces have at least one commonΒ vertex with F.Β Given this condition, the definition of the polyhedron strongly symmetric with respect toΒ the rotation of the faces is equivalent to the following: the polyhedron is called a stronglyΒ symmetrical with respect to the rotation of the faces , if some non-trivial rotation axis of eachΒ face, regarded as a figure separated from the polyhedron, is the rotation axis of the star of face.Β In the proof of the main theorem on the completeness of the list of this class of polyhedraΒ using the result of the complete listing of the so- called polyhedra of 1st and 2nd class [1].Β In this paper we show that in addition to the polyhedra of the 1st and 2nd class, listed in [1],Β only 8 types of polyhedra belongs to the class of polyhedra stronghly symmetric with respectΒ to the rotation of faces. Seven of this eighteen types are not combinatorially equivalent regularΒ or semi-regular (Archimedean). One type of eight is combinatorially equivalent ArchimedeanΒ polyhedra, but does not belong to polyhedra of 1st or 2nd class.Β Turning to the polyhedra, dual strongly symmetrical about the rotation of faces, that is,Β to the polyhedra, stronghly symmetric about the rotation of polyhedral angles, we get theirΒ complete listing. It follows that there are 7 types of polyhedra, highly symmetric with respectΒ to the rotation of polyhedral angles which are not combinatorially equivalent to Gessel bodies.Β Class of polyhedra stronghly symmetric with respect to the rotation of faces, as well asΒ polyhedra 1st and 2nd class mentioned above can be viewed as a generalization of the class ofΒ regular (Platonic) polyhedra. Other generalizations of regular polyhedra can be found in [3],[4],[12]-[15].Π ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠΊΠ° Π·Π°ΠΌΠΊΠ½ΡΡΡΡ
Π²ΡΠΏΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π² E3, ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΒ ΡΠΈΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π³ΡΠ°Π½Π΅ΠΉ.Β ΠΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ Ρ
ΠΎΡΡ Π±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡΒ ΠΎΡΡ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°. ΠΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ.Β ΠΡΠΏΡΠΊΠ»ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΒ Π³ΡΠ°Π½Π΅ΠΉ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ FΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΡ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ L, ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡΒ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ F, ΠΈ LΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°.Β ΠΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΊ ΠΎΡΠΈ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ LΠ½Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠΈ,Β Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π³ΡΠ°Π½Ρ FΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΈΠ³ΡΡΡ, ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°.Β Π Π°Π½Π΅Π΅ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Β ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π³ΡΠ°Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ»Π°Π±ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΈΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈΒ Π·Π²Π΅Π·Π΄Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°: Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊ Π±ΡΠ» ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π³ΡΠ°Π½Π΅ΠΉ, Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°ΡΒ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΎΡΡ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΈΠ³ΡΡΠ°, ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΡΒ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°, ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ»Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π²Π΅Π·Π΄Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ.Β ΠΠΎΠ΄ Π·Π²Π΅Π·Π΄ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ FΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ° Π³ΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Ρ
ΠΎΡΡ Π±Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΒ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠ½Ρ Ρ F.Β Π£ΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π³ΡΠ°Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ: ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π³ΡΠ°Π½Π΅ΠΉ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΎΡΡ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΒ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΈΠ³ΡΡΠ°, ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°, ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΡΡΒ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π²Π΅Π·Π΄Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ.Β ΠΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ° ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΒ ΡΠΈΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² 1-Π³ΠΎ ΠΈ 2-Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ° ΠΈΠ· [1].Β Π Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² 1-Π³ΠΎ ΠΈ 2-Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ° ΠΊΒ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ, ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π³ΡΠ°Π½Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°Ρ Π΅ΡΡΒ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ 8 ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ². ΠΠ· ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π²ΠΎΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² 7 Π½Π΅ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΒ ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ (Π°ΡΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ). ΠΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΡΠΈΠΏ ΠΈΠ· Π²ΠΎΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΡ, Π½ΠΎΒ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ 1-Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ 2-Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ°.Β ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΊ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ, Π΄Π²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π³ΡΠ°Π½Π΅ΠΉ, Ρ.Π΅. ΠΊ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ, ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ³Π»ΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΡΡΡΠ΄Π° ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ 7Β ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ³Π»ΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»Π°ΠΌ ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»Ρ.Β ΠΠ»Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π³ΡΠ°Π½Π΅ΠΉ Π² ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅Β ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ SF. ΠΠ»Π°ΡΡ SF, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ 1-Π³ΠΎ ΠΈ 2-Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ°Β ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
(ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
) ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ².Β ΠΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΉΡΠΈ Π² ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ
[3],[4], [12]-[15]
Structural and transport properties of GaAs/delta<Mn>/GaAs/InxGa1-xAs/GaAs quantum wells
We report results of investigations of structural and transport properties of
GaAs/Ga(1-x)In(x)As/GaAs quantum wells (QWs) having a 0.5-1.8 ML thick Mn
layer, separated from the QW by a 3 nm thick spacer. The structure has hole
mobility of about 2000 cm2/(V*s) being by several orders of magnitude higher
than in known ferromagnetic two-dimensional structures. The analysis of the
electro-physical properties of these systems is based on detailed study of
their structure by means of high-resolution X-ray diffractometry and
glancing-incidence reflection, which allow us to restore the depth profiles of
structural characteristics of the QWs and thin Mn containing layers. These
investigations show absence of Mn atoms inside the QWs. The quality of the
structures was also characterized by photoluminescence spectra from the QWs.
Transport properties reveal features inherent to ferromagnetic systems: a
specific maximum in the temperature dependence of the resistance and the
anomalous Hall effect (AHE) observed in samples with both "metallic" and
activated types of conductivity up to ~100 K. AHE is most pronounced in the
temperature range where the resistance maximum is observed, and decreases with
decreasing temperature. The results are discussed in terms of interaction of
2D-holes and magnetic Mn ions in presence of large-scale potential fluctuations
related to random distribution of Mn atoms. The AHE values are compared with
calculations taking into account its "intrinsic" mechanism in ferromagnetic
systems.Comment: 15 pages, 9 figure
A New Algorithm for Analysis of Experimental MΓΆssbauer Spectra
A new approach to analyze the nuclear gamma resonance (NGR) spectra is presented and justified in the paper. The algorithm successively spots the Lorentz lines in the experimental spectrum by a certain optimization procedures. In MΓΆssbauer spectroscopy, the primary analysis is based on the representation of the transmission integral of an experimental spectrum by the sum of Lorentzians. In the general case, a number of lines and values of parameters in Lorentzians are unknown. The problem is to find them. In practice, before the experimental data processing, one elaborates a model of the MΓΆssbauer spectrum. Such a model is usually based on some additional information. Taking into account physical restrictions, one forms the shape of the lines which are close to the normalized experimental MΓΆssbauer spectrum. This is done by choosing the remaining free parameters of the model. However, this approach does not guarantee a proper model. A reasonable way to construct a structural NGR spectrum decomposition should be based on its model-free analysis. Some model-free methods of the NGR spectra analysis have been implemented in a number of known algorithms. Each of these methods is useful but has a limited range of application. In fact, the previously known algorithms did not react to hardly noticeable primary features of the experimental spectrum, but identify the dominant components only. In the proposed approach, the difference between the experimental spectrum and the known already determined part of the spectral structure defines the next Lorentzian. This method is effective for isolation of fine details of the spectrum, although it requires a well-elaborated algorithmic procedure presented in this paper
A NEW ALGORITHM FOR ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTAL MΓSSBAUER SPECTRA
A new approach to analyze the nuclear gamma resonance (NGR) spectra is presented and justified in the paper. The algorithm successively spots the Lorentz lines in the experimental spectrum by a certain optimization procedures. In MΓΆssbauer spectroscopy, the primary analysis is based on the representation of the transmission integral of an experimental spectrum by the sum of Lorentzians. In the general case, a number of lines and values of parameters in Lorentzians are unknown. The problem is to find them. In practice, before the experimental data processing, one elaborates a model of the MΓΆssbauer spectrum. Such a model is usually based on some additional information. Taking into account physical restrictions, one forms the shape of the lines which are close to the normalized experimental MΓΆssbauer spectrum. This is done by choosing the remaining free parameters of the model. However, this approach does not guarantee a proper model. A reasonable way to construct a structural NGR spectrum decomposition should be based on its model-free analysis. Some model-free methods of the NGR spectra analysis have been implemented in a number of known algorithms. Each of these methods is useful but has a limited range of application. In fact, the previously known algorithms did not react to hardly noticeable primary features of the experimental spectrum, but identify the dominant components only.Β In the proposed approach, the difference between the experimental spectrum and the known already determined part of the spectral structure defines the next Lorentzian. This method is effective for isolation of fine details of the spectrum, although it requires a well-elaborated algorithmic procedure presented in this paper
The experience of the participation of students of USMU in the university and regional stages of the XXVII Moscow student surgery olympiad named after academician M.I. Perelman.
The article considers the statistically processed data obtained as a result of questioning students of 3-6 courses of the Ural State Medical University concerning their participation in the university and regional stages of the XXVII Moscow Olympiad of Surgery named after Academician M.I. PerelmanΠ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π°Π½ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² 3-6 ΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΠ² Π£ΠΠΠ£ ΠΏΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ°Ρ
XXVII ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠΈΠ°Π΄Ρ ΠΏΠΎ Ρ
ΠΈΡΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠΌ. Π°ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ° Π.Π. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠ°Π½Π°
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