Maser action in methanol transitions

We report the detection with the ATCA of 6.7 GHz methanol emission towards OMC-1. The source has a size between 40'' and 90'', is located to the south-east of Ori-KL and may coincide in position with the 25 GHz masers. The source may be an example of an interesting case recently predicted in theory where the transitions of traditionally different methanol maser classes show maser activity simultaneously. In addition, results of recent search for methanol masers from the 25 and 104.3 GHz transitions are reported.Comment: To appear in the Proceedings of the 2004 European Workshop: "Dense Molecular Gas around Protostars and in Galactic Nuclei", Eds. Y.Hagiwara, W.A.Baan, H.J. van Langevelde, 2004, a special issue of ApSS, Kluwer; author list has been corrected, text is unchange

The quality of gosling meat depending on the level of lithium in mixed fodders

Micronutrients are an important component of a complete poultry feeding. Current detailed feeding standards provide guaranteed feed additives for farm poultry of the microelement complex. Among the normalized microelements there is no lithium, which according to the classification based on biological role for living organisms belongs to the group of conditionally essential elements. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of various doses of lithium in compound feed on the chemical composition and toxicological and biological parameters of caterpillar meat. The effect of additives of different doses of lithium (0.05 mg/kg, 0.10 and 0.15 mg/kg) in compound forages on the quality and safety of the products of slaughter of 70-day gosling was studied. The studies were conducted on gosling of the Legart breed. Feeding of gosling from day to 70 days of age was carried out by full-feed compound feeds. The birds of the experimental groups were additionally injected with lithium in the feed, mg/kg: the second group was 0.05; third – 0.10 and fourth – 0.15. The gosling of the control group did not receive lithium. Analysis of the results of the studies revealed differences between the control and experimental groups in the chemical composition of the muscular tissue of the gosling in favor of the latter. It was found that the introduction of lithium compound feed had a positive effect on the deposition of dry matter, protein and fat in the gosling of the experimental groups, which contributed to its increased energy and biological value. The best indicators of meat quality were in young animals, which during the growing period were fed compound feeds enriched with lithium at the rate of 0.1 and 0.15 mg/kg

Sources of Radiation in the Early Universe: The Equation of Radiative Transfer and Optical Distances

We have derived the radiative-transfer equation for a point source with a specified intensity and spectrum, originating in the early Universe between the epochs of annihilation and recombination, at redshifts z_\s =10^8\div 10^4. The direct radiation of the source is separated from the diffuse radiation it produces. Optical distances from the source for Thomson scattering and bremsstrahlung absorption at the maximum of the thermal background radiation are calculated as a function of the redshift z.The distances grow sharply with decreasing z, approaching asymptotic values, the absorption distance increasing more slowly and reaching their limiting values at lower z. For the adopted z values, the optical parameters of the Universe can be described in a flat model with dusty material and radiation, and radiative transfer can be treated in a grey approximation.Comment: 14 pages, 2 figure

Non-equilibrium excitation of methanol in Galactic molecular clouds: multi-transitional observations at 2 mm

We observed 14 methanol transitions near lambda=2 mm in Galactic star-forming regions. Broad, quasi-thermal J(0)-J(-1)E methanol lines near 157 GHz were detected toward 73 sources. Together with the 6(-1)-5(0)E and 5(-2)-6(-1)E lines at 133 GHz and the 7(1)-7(0)E line at 165 GHz, they were used to study the methanol excitation. In the majority of the observed objects, the Class I 6(-1)-5(0)E transition is inverted, and the Class II 5(-2)-6(-1)E and 6(0)-6(-1)E transitions are overcooled. This is exactly as predicted by models of low gain Class I masers. The absence of the inversion of Class II transitions 5(-2)-6(-1)E and 6(0)-6(-1)E means that quasi-thermal methanol emission in all objects arises in areas without a strong radiation field, which is required for the inversion.Comment: 23 pages paper (uses aasms4.sty), 12 pages tables (uses apjpt4.sty), 10 Jpeg figures, submitted to the ApJ

Methanol in W3(H2O) and Surrounding Regions

We present the results of an interferometric study of 38 millimeter-wave lines of CH3OH in the region around the water maser source W3(H2O) and a region extending about 30" to the south and west of the hydroxyl maser source W3(OH). The methanol emitting region around W3(H2O) has an extent of 2.0" x 1.2" (4400 x 2600 AU). The density is of order 1.e7 cm-3, sufficient to thermalize most of the methanol lines. The kinetic temperature is approximately 140 K and the methanol fractional abundance greater than 1.e-6, indicative of a high degree of grain mantle evaporation. The W3(H2O) source contains sub-structure, with peaks corresponding to the TW source and Wyrowski's B/C, separated by 2500 AU in projection. The kinematics are consistent with these being distinct protostellar cores in a wide binary orbit and a dynamical mass for the region of a few tens of Mo. The extended methanol emission to the southwest of W3(OH) is seen strongly only from the lowest excitation lines and from lines known elsewhere to be class I methanol masers, namely the 84.5 GHz 5(-1)-4(0)E and 95.2 GHz 8(0)-7(1)A+ lines. Within this region there are two compact clumps, which we denote as swA and swB, each about 15" (0.16 pc projected distance) away from W3(OH). Excitation analysis of these clumps indicates the presence of lines with inverted populations but only weak amplification. The sources swA and swB appear to have kinetic temperatures of order 50-100 K and densities of order 1.e5 - 1.e6 cm-3. The methanol fractional abundance for the warmer clump is of order 1.e-7, suggestive of partial grain mantle evaporation. The clumping occurs on mass scales of order 1 Mo.Comment: 28 pages including 6 figures and 4 tables, accepted by Ap

Positive Measure Spectrum for Schroedinger Operators with Periodic Magnetic Fields

We study Schroedinger operators with periodic magnetic field in Euclidean 2-space, in the case of irrational magnetic flux. Positive measure Cantor spectrum is generically expected in the presence of an electric potential. We show that, even without electric potential, the spectrum has positive measure if the magnetic field is a perturbation of a constant one.Comment: 17 page