63 research outputs found
Monetary policy of the bank of Latvia in the eurozone introduction conditions
The objective of this article is to follow the main trends in the development in the Latvianβs monetary policy and the European Monetary system accession process, with a focus on the local currency stability problems. It discusses the process and strategies for choice of the strategy as well as the main issues that have arisen in the accession process. The objective fully corresponding to the articleβs research object, i.e. to a monetary policy of the Bank of Latvia. Regarding the developed countries the general monetary policy objectives deals not only with maintenance of stability of the exchange rate and general price level, but also with stimulation of economic development, growth of employment and incomes of the citizens. The period from 2005 till 2013 is being investigated. The author uses a wide range of research methods, such as: grouping method, method of comparison of financial ratios, etc
Total ozone decrease in the Arctic after REP events
International audienceEight periods of relativistic electron precipitation (REP) with electron energies of more than 300 keV are identified from VLF data (10-14 kHz) monitored along the Aldra (Norway) - Apatity (Kola peninsula) radio trace. In these cases, anomalous ionization below 55-50 km occurred without disturbing the higher layers of the ionosphere. The daily total ozone values in Murmansk for six days before and six days after the REP events are compared. In seven of eight events a decrease in the total ozone of about 20 DU is observed. In one event of 25 March, 1986, the mean total ozone value for six days before the REP is bigger than that for six days after, but this a case of an extremely high ozone increase (144 DU during the six days). However, on days 3 and 4 there was a minimum of about 47 DU with regard to REP days, so this case also confirms the concept of the ozone decrease after REP. The difference between mean ozone values for periods six days before and six days after the REPs was found also for 23 points in Arctic on TOMS data. The difference was negative only in Murmansk longitudinal sector. Along the meridian of the trace it was negative at high latitudes in both hemispheres and was near zero at low latitudes
Communication research between working capacity of hardalloy cutting tools and fractal dimension of their wear
The results of communication research between the wear resistance of the Kapplicability hard-alloy cutting tools and the fractal dimension of the wear surface,which is formed on a back side of the cutting edge when processing the materialsshowing high adhesive activity are presented in the paper. It has been established thatthe wear resistance of tested cutting tools samples increases according to a fractaldimension increase of their wear surface
Stable ozone layer in Norway and USSR
Long-term column ozone density measurements have been carried out in Norway and USSR. Data from Tromso and two meridional chains in USSR are analyzed, and most of the stations show that no significant decreasing trend in ozone has occurred during the last two decades
ΠΠΠΠΠ€ΠΠΠΠ¦ΠΠ― ΠΠΠΠΠ‘ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ«Π₯ ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ‘ΠΠΠΠ’ΠΠΠΠΠΠ£ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ
Methods of introducing a water-soluble biocide modifier, oligohexamethyleneguanidine hydrochloride, into epoxy-amine systems were studied. The obvious way is the introduction of the modifier in the waterborne epoxy-amine systems. However, this leads to cured systems with reduced mechanical properties. Introduction of oligohexamethyleneguanidine hydrochloride solutions in organic solvents into epoxy-amine systems allows obtaining a homogeneous system, but their application is limited by the presence of a volatile solvent. Finally, introduction of oligohexamethyleneguanidine hydrochloride solutions in a water-soluble amine curing agent into epoxy-amine systems has good prospects. It is shown that the analyzed modifier has good solubility in ethylenediamine, but poor solubility in oligooxypropylenediamine. It was found that the modifier is capable of interacting chemically with epoxy resins at 22Β°C to form an elastic insoluble material. In an epoxy-amine system with a more active hardener (ethylenediamine) oligohexamethyleneguanidine hydrochloride acts as a plastifier (flexibilizer). This significantly reduces the glass transition temperature of the matrix (from 53 to 37ΒΊC).ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ° - Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΡ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄Π° ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ³Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π° Π² ΡΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ. ΠΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ° Π² Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ°Π·Π±Π°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ. ΠΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΡ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄Π° ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ³Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π° Π² ΡΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π³ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π»Π΅ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ. ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ, Ρ
ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΡ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄Π° ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ³Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π° Π² ΡΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ° Π² Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΌ Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΡ Ρ
ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅, Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡ
ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌ Π² ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² Π³ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½ Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Ρ ΠΠ ΡΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ 22ΒΊΠ‘, Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π°. Π ΡΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅, Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ (ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½), ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ³Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ Π²ΡΡΡΡΠΏΠ°Π΅Ρ Π² ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ°, Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ (Ρ 53 Π΄ΠΎ 37 ΒΊΠ‘)
Total ozone decrease in the Arctic after REP events
Eight periods of relativistic electron
precipitation (REP) with electron energies of more than 300 keV are identified
from VLF data (10-14 kHz) monitored along the Aldra (Norway) - Apatity (Kola
peninsula) radio trace. In these cases, anomalous ionization below 55-50 km
occurred without disturbing the higher layers of the ionosphere. The daily total
ozone values in Murmansk for six days before and six days after the REP events
are compared. In seven of eight events a decrease in the total ozone of about 20
DU is observed. In one event of 25 March, 1986, the mean total ozone value for
six days before the REP is bigger than that for six days after, but this a case
of an extremely high ozone increase (144 DU during the six days). However, on
days 3 and 4 there was a minimum of about 47 DU with regard to REP days, so this
case also confirms the concept of the ozone decrease after REP. The difference
between mean ozone values for periods six days before and six days after the
REPs was found also for 23 points in Arctic on TOMS data. The difference was
negative only in Murmansk longitudinal sector. Along the meridian of the trace
it was negative at high latitudes in both hemispheres and was near zero at low
latitudes.Key words: Atmospheric composition and structure
(middle atmosphere - composition and chemistry) - Meteorology and atmospheric
dynamics (polar meteorology
MODIFICATION OF EPOXY-AMINE POLYMERS BY OLIGOHEXAMETHYLENEGUANIDINES
Methods of introducing a water-soluble biocide modifier, oligohexamethyleneguanidine hydrochloride, into epoxy-amine systems were studied. The obvious way is the introduction of the modifier in the waterborne epoxy-amine systems. However, this leads to cured systems with reduced mechanical properties. Introduction of oligohexamethyleneguanidine hydrochloride solutions in organic solvents into epoxy-amine systems allows obtaining a homogeneous system, but their application is limited by the presence of a volatile solvent. Finally, introduction of oligohexamethyleneguanidine hydrochloride solutions in a water-soluble amine curing agent into epoxy-amine systems has good prospects. It is shown that the analyzed modifier has good solubility in ethylenediamine, but poor solubility in oligooxypropylenediamine. It was found that the modifier is capable of interacting chemically with epoxy resins at 22Β°C to form an elastic insoluble material. In an epoxy-amine system with a more active hardener (ethylenediamine) oligohexamethyleneguanidine hydrochloride acts as a plastifier (flexibilizer). This significantly reduces the glass transition temperature of the matrix (from 53 to 37ΒΊC)
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