166 research outputs found
Urban geochemical changes and pollution with potentially harmful elements in seven Russian cities
This paper presents results of an analysis of potentially harmful elements (PHEs, Pb, Zn and Cu) and conservative element (CE, Fe) concentrations in urban surface deposited sediment (USDS). The study was conducted in seven large Russian cities located in different geographic and climatic zones, and in territories with different geology and anthropogenic pressures: Chelyabinsk, Magnitogorsk, Nizhniy Novgorod, Nizhniy Tagil, Rostov-on-Don, Tyumen, and Ufa. The initial geochemical baseline relationships between PHEs and CE concentrations in the USDS were reconstructed for each city applying an approach based on linear weighted fitting of PHE as a function of CE with lower weights assigned to more polluted samples. The reconstructed average initial baseline Pb, Cu, and Zn concentrations varied between 17β52, 25β196, and 91β413 mg kgβ1, respectively. Several new criteria for assessing the degree of geochemical transformation and pollution of the urban environment, such as the percentage of polluted samples, average pollutant concentration in polluted samples, and weighting degree index Ξ΄, were suggested and compared with common criteria, such as the PHE concentration and the geo-accumulation index. The environmental rank of a city significantly differed depending on whether the criterion for ranking was total PHE pollution or changes in comparison with the initial geochemical baseline. Β© 2020, The Author(s).Russian Science Foundation,Β RSF: 18-77-10024The study was supported by Russian Science Foundation (grant No. 18-77-10024)
Brillouin light scattering and second harmonic generation of strontium barium niobate crystals
FIRST DETRITAL ZIRCON GEOCHRONOLOGY DATA FOR CLASTIC ROCKS OF THE EAST SAKHALIN ACCRETIONARY TERRANE
First detrital zircon geochronology data and results of geochemical studies for clastic rocks of the Rymnik and Nabil zones of the East Sakhalin accretionary terrane, located within the region of the East Sakhalin Mountains, are presented. The studies have been carried out at the Center for Collective Use of Far Eastern Geological Institute of the Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Vladivostok. The established geochemical features suggest that the source of the clastic material of the zones was felsic rocks of the deeply eroded continental island arc or arcs. Although the geochemical characteristics are similar, there are sharp differences between the detrital zirconsβ age distribution patterns of rocks of these zones. In the sandstone of the Nabil zone, 75 % of the zircon grains are of the middle Cretaceous age (94β108 Ma) with a peak of 96 Ma, 15 % are the middle Permian-Early Jurassic, and 10 % are the Precambrian (mainly Paleoproterozoic). The sandstone of the Rymnik zone has a more complex (polymodal) pattern of the detrital zircon age distribution, with a significant contribution of the Precambrian grains (37 %). Most of the grains belong to the Early Jurassic (peak 196 Ma) and the Early Cretaceous (peak 137 Ma), with 47 % of the Mesozoic grains. The likely provenances of the clastic material were the Middle Cretaceous volcanic arcs of the Asian eastern margin older complexes of the continent
MODELING SEDIMENT PRODUCTION IN URBAN ENVIRONMENTS: CASE OF RUSSIAN CITIES
The aim of this study is to provide a tool to assess sediment production in an urban area. The urban environment is affected by a variety of anthropogenic and natural factors that, in particular, lead to the sediment production. The storage of sediments in the urban landscape negatively affects the quality of the urban environment. The model was developed on the basis of landscape studies conducted in residential areas of six Russian cities. The model takes into account (1) the influence of precipitation, spring snowmelt, and vehicles, (2) the influence of erosion factors for two seasons: warm (t>5Β°C) and cold (t<5Β°C), and (3) the presence of disturbed surfaces. The application of the developed model to Ekaterinburg city conditions returned sediment production equal to 1.2 kg/m2/y. A comparison of seasonal values shows that sediment production in cold season is 2.5 times higher than in the warm season. In the absence of the disturbed surfaces, sediment production decreases to 0.44 kg/m2/y. Modeling showed a correlation between sediment production in Russian cities and duration of the cold season. The efficiency of various urban area maintenance practices and cleaning measures were evaluated in terms of sediment production and storage. The developed model presented in this paper is based on research in Russian cities, but can be applied to assess the formation of sediment and measures to reduce the value of its accumulation in the urban environment in different regions of the world. Β© 2023, Russian Geographical Society. All rights reserved
Assessment of Effective Doses Due to Inhalation of Natural Radioactivity in the Dust of Urban Environment
The inhalation exposure to dust in the urban environment for adult and child is very important due to health issues. The radionuclides Ra-226 and Th-232 were measured in the samples of urban surface deposited sediments. The average concentrations of Ra-226 and Th-232 in dust are 20.8 and 15.3 Bq kg-1, respectively. The effective dose is estimated depending on the daily activity and air dust concentration for the adult and child. The results show that the total effective dose received during 70 years by adult without outdoor activity is 0.74 ΞΌSv under exposure to air dust concentration 1Γ10-4 g/m3, which is typical for the city of Ekaterinburg. Critical scenario of exposure of an adult person to radioactive material in particulate matter in the air including such daily activities as training, bicycle driving and work in urban environment results in the total effective dose 17.8 ΞΌSv during 70 years at air dust concentration equal to the diurnal Maximum Permissible Limit (1.5Γ10-4 g/m3). Also, the critical children group can be exposed to radionuclides by inhalation through daily outdoor games, sport activity, training, bicycle etc (8 hours daily during vacation, 4 hours daily during school time, 2000 hours per year from 7 years to 17 years). The total effective dose for critical children group is 2.9 ΞΌSv. Thus, the effective doses due to inhalation of natural radioactivity in the dust in city of Ekaterinburg are relatively low in comparison ICRP reference level. Β© 2020 American Institute of Physics Inc.. All rights reserved
Adiabatic population transfer via multiple intermediate states
This paper discusses a generalization of stimulated Raman adiabatic passage
(STIRAP) in which the single intermediate state is replaced by intermediate
states. Each of these states is connected to the initial state \state{i} with
a coupling proportional to the pump pulse and to the final state \state{f}
with a coupling proportional to the Stokes pulse, thus forming a parallel
multi- system. It is shown that the dark (trapped) state exists only
when the ratio between each pump coupling and the respective Stokes coupling is
the same for all intermediate states. We derive the conditions for existence of
a more general adiabatic-transfer state which includes transient contributions
from the intermediate states but still transfers the population from state
\state{i} to state \state{f} in the adiabatic limit. We present various
numerical examples for success and failure of multi- STIRAP which
illustrate the analytic predictions. Our results suggest that in the general
case of arbitrary couplings, it is most appropriate to tune the pump and Stokes
lasers either just below or just above all intermediate states.Comment: 14 pages, two-column revtex style, 10 figure
Π Π°Π΄ΠΎΠ½, ΠΊΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ Π²ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π² ΡΠΏΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°
The aim of the study: to analyze the risk of lung cancer caused by exposure to indoor radon using an environmental study, taking into account recent data on the possible effect of Human Papillomavirus, based on lung cancer mortality and radon exposure in the Russian regions.Materials and methods: in the analysis, linear dependencies of lung cancer against influencing factors were used. The average radon concentration for the regions of Russia was earlier reconstructed on the basis of the annual reports of the form 4-DOZ. Information on morbidity and mortality from malignant neoplasms in Russia was obtained from annual reports issued by the Π . Hertsen Moscow Oncology Research Institute. As a surrogate of the level of infection with Human Papillomavirus, the incidence of cervix cancer was used. The smoking prevalence was estimated applying data on the incidence of tongue cancer.Results: taking into account smoking and infection with Human Papillomavirus, it is possible to obtain estimates of lung cancer excess relative risk when induced by radon in dwellings consistent with the results of case-control studies.Conclusion: the analysis of regionally aggregated data on deaths from lung cancer in Russia, the average level of indoor radon concentrations and significant risk factors for lung cancer confirms the linear threshold-free concept of radiation-induced carcinogenesis.Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ: ΠΏΡΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΊ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΈΡ
, Π²ΡΠ·Π²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΎΠ½Π° Π² ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ
, Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ Π½Π΅Π΄Π°Π²Π½ΠΈΡ
Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠ° ΠΏΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°, Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π² ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ
Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ.ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ: ΠΏΡΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ². Π‘ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΎΠ½Π° Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ β 4-ΠΠΠ. ΠΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ Π·Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΈΠ· Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ², Π²ΡΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠΌ. Π.Π. ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π°. Π ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΠ° ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»Π°ΡΡ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΉΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ. Π Π°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΎ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°.Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ: ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΊΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ΅-Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π² ΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Ρ
, ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΡ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΠΉ β ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ.ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅: Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· Π°Π³ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΎΠ½Π° Π² ΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°Π΅Ρ Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΡΡ Π±Π΅ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Π·Π°
ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ· ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»Π° ΠΡΡΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠ²ΠΎ, ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ° Π’Π΅ΡΠ°
The aim of the study was to analyze the effectiveness of measures on reduction of population radiation exposure at the radioactively contaminated territories by comparing radiation doses due to natural and technogenic sources. Materials and methods: the effective doses of radiation exposure due to the Techa River contamination in Muslyumovo were calculated using the data on radionuclide intakes and coefficients recommended by ICRP. Exposure to radon was estimated based on the results of radon surveys of Muslyumovo in 1992 and New Muslyumovo in 2015. Results: the total effective dose due to the Techa River contamination accumulated over the period 1950β2000 was 144 mSv. Annual effective doses due to radon in Muslyumovo and New Muslyumovo were 9,2 and 5,1 mSv respectively. The total effective dose received due to the natural and technogenic radiation was about 0,7 Sv (a contribution of radon is 77%). The total averted dose by the year 2015 due to resettlement in 2007 is 38 mSv. The dose reductionΒ appeared mostly due to lower radon exposure. Conclusion: the maximum reduction of population exposure could be achieved by means of timely evacuation to uncontaminated territory together with the indoor radon prevention measures.Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ: ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ· ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ
, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ³ΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ Π°Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΎΠ· ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π° ΡΡΠ΅ΡΒ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ². ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ: ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Ρ Π·Π° ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ Π’Π΅ΡΠ° Π² ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ ΠΡΡΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΠΠ Π. ΠΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² 1992 Π³. Π² ΠΡΡΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈ Π² 2015 Π³. Π² ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΡΡΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠ²ΠΎ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ: ΡΡΠΌΠΌΠ°ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½Π°Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π°, ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ Π’Π΅ΡΠ°, Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π·Π° 1950β2000 Π³Π³.,Β ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° 144 ΠΌΠΠ². ΠΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΎΠ½Π° Π² ΠΡΡΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΡΡΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ 9,2 ΠΈ 5,1 ΠΌΠΠ² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ. ΠΠ±ΡΠ°Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½Π°Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π°, Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΊ 2000 Π³. ΠΎΡ Π΄Π²ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° 0,7 ΠΠ² (Π²ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΎΠ½Π° β 77%). ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΊ 2015 Π³. Π² ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² 2007 Π³. Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π° ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ 38 ΠΌΠΠ². Π‘Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³Π½ΡΡΠΎ Π·Π° ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΎΠ½Π° Π² Π·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡΡ
. ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅: ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ. ΠΡΡΠ»ΡΠΌΠΎΠ²ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π² ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
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