The latitude-zonal variability of hydrophysical and energy parameters of soils of the East and the South of European Part of Russia

The soil cover of the east and the south of the European territory of Russia has been explored good enough and in various aspects. However, hydrophysical soil parameters are not well studied, despite the fact that they largely determine the crop yields of the cultivated plants. To this purpose, in 2010 during a field expedition by the route: Kazan-Cheboksary-Saratov-Volgograd-Elista-Caucasian Mineral water- Krasnodar-Rostov-on the Don-Voronezh- Tambov-Penza- Saransk-Kazan in July and August hydrophysical the parameters of the basic zonal soils of European Russia were estimated. Hydrophysical and soil-energy parameters of zonal soils were determined, the curves of the main hydrophysical characteristics of the studied soils to be the basis of water-reclamation and irrigation activities in the black earth, chestnut soil and gray-brown half-desert soils were calculated. The complex of hydro-studied and soil and energy parameters of soils east and the south of European Russia is an important step in understanding the links between the territory of the hydro-climatic conditions and the nature of the vegetation which grows in the area

Territorial reserves of major cities: Challenges,experience,solutions

© 2016,International Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. All rights reserved.Currently,the problem of territorial reserves is quite relevant for dynamically developing urban systems,since a large city feels an increasing need for the new development resources such as areas,infrastructure,water sources,etc.,but many of them turn out to be exhausted or close to exhaustion within the urban area. This paper deals with the approaches to the problem of deficit in areas within the city limits based on the analysis and generalization of the world and Russian experience in the urban planning policy. Practice has shown that the territorial problems in cities may be solved by increasing the area of the city,urban densification,demolition of buildings and structures,by transferring industrial enterprises outside the city margin,high-rise construction,by creating filled (reclamation) areas,and underground construction. The paper deals with the features,advantages and disadvantages of the considered approaches to the designated problem of land shortage within the urban area. Considerable attention has been paid to environmental issues arising out of the implementation of any variant of solving the territorial problems of the city. The study found that the decision of the territorial deficit in the process of urban development has a complex nature. To achieve the best effect,it would be appropriate to use the combinations of various approaches,covered in this paper,in the urban planning practice

Male health and obesity – diagnostic and therapeutic approach

Obesity may present as a significant medical problem for any person, regardless of age or gender. In men obesity causes considerable psychological stress, sexual dysfunction, subfertility, hypogonadism and cardiovascular conditions. These problems may form numerous pathological associations between each other, creating a vicious circle. The main factors which influence male fertility and sexual function in obesity and metabolic syndrome are imbalance of sex hormones and systemic inflammation. In many patients symptomatic treatment is necessary for above-mentioned manifestations, but it is always rational to act on their pathophysiology and to recommend to lower the body mass by diet and lifestyle modification. When it proves impossible for the patient to follow such recommendations and when behavioral approach fails, central-acting and peripheral-acting medications may be used, including orlistat, sibutramine and liraglutide. Bariatric surgery should be offered to patients with high body mass index in whom conservative management fails. Without elimination of excess body mass it is difficult to solve problems regarding sexual dysfunction, hypogonadism and subfertility in obese males. All these issues and available modes of pharmacological treatment are described in this review

CONSERVATIVE FLUIDS AND LUBRICANTS BASED ON TURBINE OIL, NITRO, AMIDO AND PARAFFIN WAX

To create conservation fluids and lubricants based on the oil acids and polyethylene polyamine (PEPA) synthesized amidoamines, and based on α-olefins (C12, C14 and C16-C18) and the nitric acids-nitro compounds. Using of amido, nitro and solid n-paraffins in the turbine oil T-30 (Standard 32-74) formulated lubricants and conservation fluid which are tested under different conditions. It is shown that in comparison with the preservative fluid, the preservative lubrication more effective

Association of hypertriglyceridemia with risk factors for cardiovascular and renal complications in individuals with high cardiovascular risk

Aim. To study clinical and functional manifestations of hypertriglyceridemia and its association with risk factors for cardiovascular and renal complications in individuals with high cardiovascular risk.Material and methods. The study included 272 patients (129 men and 143 women; mean age, 53,9±13,7 years) with a high cardiovascular risk, which was stratified using Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE) model by the presence of cardiovascular disease, and/or diabetes, and/or age ≥65 years, and/or blood pressure (BP) >180/110 mm Hg, and/or total cholesterol (TC) level >8,0 mmol/l. All study participants underwent clinical and paraclinical examination. Serum content of triglycerides (TGs) ≥1,7 mmol/L was considered hypertriglyceridemia (HTG). Depending on TG level, the entire sample was divided into 2 following subgroups: subgroup 1 (n=178) — serum triglycerides ≤1,6 mmol/l; subgroup 2 (n=94) — serum triglycerides ≥1,7 mmol/l, i.e. HTG.Results. We revealed significantly more persons with obesity (46,8%) and type 2 diabetes (28,7%) in HTG subgroup. There were 56,3% and 36,1% patients of HTG subgroup with hypertension (HTN) and coronary artery disease (CAD), respectively. A mid-high TG level (from 1,7 to 2,3 mmol/l) in the subgroup of patients with HTG was detected in 38,3% of cases. The serum content of TG from 2,3 to 5,6 mmol/l was detected in 54,2% of patients. TG level ≥5,6 mmol/l was detected in 7,5% of cases. In the subgroup of patients with HTG, high levels of systolic, diastolic and central (aortic) BP, body mass index, phosphorus, creatinine, cystatin C, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) were detected significantly more common. In the general sample, a significant direct relationship between TG concentration and cystatin C (r=0,168) and an inverse (negative) relationship with eGFR (r=-0,220) was obtained.Conclusion. Elevated serum TG levels are often observed in individuals with obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypertension and CAD. Patients with HTG had a pronounced cardiovascular and renal risk, including a significant increase in BP and carotid IMT, high levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, phosphorus, creatinine, cystatin C, and a decrease in eGFR. HTG was associated with an increase in serum cystatin C and a deterioration in renal nitrogen excretion

Difficulties in differential diagnosis between obstructive and non-obstructive azoospermia

Introduction. The difference between obstructive and non-obstructive azoospermia (OA and NOA) is important for the choice of treatment tactics and adequate counseling of a married couple.Objective. To describe, analyze, and classify possible challenges in differentiating between two types of azoospermiaMaterials and methods. The retrospective review of database on surgical sperm retrieval attempts performed our hospital (n = 754). A subpopulation of 216 patients who were preliminary diagnosed with OA, was selected for further analysis. All patients had testicular pathology data following sperm retrieval attempt. Rate of reclassification was assessed as a primary outcome. Reclassified cases were further analyzed to find a possible reason for incorrect differential diagnosis.Results. Among 216 patients with initially suspected OA, 131 (60.6%) had evidence of spermatogenic dysfunction on pathological examination of seminiferous tubules. Multivariate regression analysis showed that only regular exposure to high temperatures was an independent predictor of NOA detection in patients with normal endocrine and clinical parameters (OR = 1.989; 95% CI = 1.101 – 3.595). Analysis of the decision tree showed that patients with inhibin B levels below 93 pg/ml had the highest risk of an incorrect initial diagnosis (82.6%).Conclusions. Differential diagnosis of OA and NOA is not such a simple task. Any case of azoospermia against the background of normal semen volume by default should be considered as a case of NOA if there is no anamnestic or clinical data clearly indicating obstruction. Regular exposure to high temperature is likely to cause azoospermia in men with initially severe disorders of spermatogenesis. Finally, the reference values of inhibin B offered by most laboratories are not intended to assess reproductive function

Влияние ограниченных ожогов кожи на течение и исход ингаляционной травмы

Introduction Inhalation injury (ini) makes burn disease more severe. However, it remains unexplored what is the minimum area of the burn that can significantly aggravate of the course of ini.The objective was to compare the incidence of acute respiratory failure (arf), pneumonia, and mortality between patients with ini and ini with superficial skin burns up to 3% total body surface area (tbsa).Material and methods 125 patients with ini and i–ii degree skin burns up to 3% tbsa were allocated into 4 groups: ini without skin burns, ini with burns up to 1% tbsa, up to 2%, and up to 3% tbsa.Results In the group with ini and skin burns up to 2%, the number of arf, pneumonia cases, and deaths did not statistically significantly differ from the ini group, however in group of ini and burns of more than 2% tbsa, there were more of those complications.Conclusion Skin burns of i–ii degree over 2% tbsa increase the incidence of acute respiratory failure, pneumonia, and death in patients with ini.РЕЗЮМЕ Известно, что ингаляционная травма (ИТ) ухудшает течение ожоговой болезни у тяжелообожженных. Однако остается неизвестным, как небольшие ожоги влияют на течение ИТ.ЦЕЛЬ Сравнительное изучение частоты острой дыхательной недостаточности (ОДН), пневмонии и смертельных исходов у пациентов с ИТ и ИТ с поверхностными ожогами кожи до 3% поверхности тела (п.т.).МАТЕРИАЛ И МЕТОДЫ 125 пациентов с ИТ и ожогами кожи I–II степени до 3% п.т. были распределены на четыре группы: ИТ без ожогов кожи, с ожогами до 1% п.т., до 2% п.т., до 3% п.т.РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ В группах с ИТ и ожогами кожи до 2% п.т. число наблюдений ОДН, пневмонии и случаев смертельных исходов статистически значимо не отличалось от группы ИТ, а в группе ИТ и ожогами свыше 2% п.т. их было больше.ВЫВОДЫ Ожоги кожи I–II степени свыше 2% п.т. увеличивают частоту развития острой дыхательной недостаточности, пневмонии и случаев смертельных исходов у пациентов с ингаляционной травмой

ИЗУЧЕНИЕ МОРФОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ СВОЙСТВ СОЕДИНИТЕЛЬНОЙ ТКАНИ В ЗОНЕ ИМПЛАНТАЦИИ РАЗЛИЧНЫХ ЭНДОПРОТЕЗОВ НА МИОКАРД СОБАК

Morphological research of canine cardiac tissues after implantation several types of implants has been made. The first group consisted of animals with implanted «Eslan+Elasto-POB» implants, the second was after im- plantation of «Eslan» implants, and the third group after «Ftorex» implants. Fabrics were implanted on canine heart muscular tissue. Muscular tissue with implant were examined by light microscopy. There were no early or late deaths of animals, no infectious complications in any groups and terms. The reactions in muscular tissue in response to implantation of implants were defined as typical pathological processes and manifested by alterative, exudative reactions with edema, ill-defined hydropic degeneration and formation of inflammatory infiltration in the early terms (20 days). The formation of mature granulation tissue was accompanied its invasion between pores of implants and giant-cell reaction (20 days). After that thin layer of connective tissue was formed at the periphery of implant (30 and 60 days). Development of ill defined fibrosis was revealed in late postoperative terms at the circumference of implant (30 days – 60 days). There were no substantial differences in features of tissue’s responses to implantation of all types of implants. Нами были изучены морфологические характеристики и сроки образования соединительной ткани в зоне имплантации нескольких типов сетчатых эндопротезов на миокард собак. В качестве имплантационно- го материала использовали эндопротез «Эслан+ЭластоПОБ», эндопротез «Эслан», и эндопротез «Фто- рэкс». Сетчатые эндопротезы имплантировались на миокард собак. Исследование проводилось с помо- щью световой микроскопии. Послеоперационных осложнений, связанных с имплантацией эндопротезов, выявлено не было. Реакция со стороны мышечной ткани в ответ на имплантацию эндопротезов прояв- лялась выраженной экссудативной реакцией, отеком с разобщением волокон, формированием в ранние сроки воспалительной инфильтрации (на 20-е сутки). Образование грануляционной ткани сопровожда- лось прорастанием соединительно-тканных волокон в поры эндопротезов и формированием гигантских клеток воспаления. На более поздних сроках была выявлена инкапсуляция сетчатых эндопротезов соеди- нительной тканью. Проводя сравнительную оценку имплантированных эндопротезов, можно отметить близкие по своим проявлениям тканевые реакции.

Эффективность эндоскопической аппликации раствора человеческого коллагена I типа при лечении ингаляционной травмы

The purpose of the study was to determine the morphological characteristics of the repair process of the tracheal and bronchial mucosa after sanitation bronchoscopy using type I human  collagen solution  in patients with an inhalation  injury (II).Materials and methods.  An open-label, randomized, prospective study included  59 patients with inhalation injury (2—3 severity  degree according  to the classification  of Yu. V. Sinev and A. Yu. Skripal'.  The main group consisted of 29 patients. They underwent a sanitation bronchoscopy using type I human collagen solution applied onto erosive and ulcerative lesions of the mucous membrane.  The reference group consisted  of 30 patients who underwent sanitation bronchoscopy in accordance with the standards of medical care. In order to assess the morphological  dynamics  of the repair process of the mucous membrane,  a morphological  study  of the bioptate obtained during endoscopic studies was carried out. The solution for the application was prepared by acid extraction of type I human collagen from ligaments and tendons as described  earlier (Russian Federation invention patent No. RU 2591544 C1).Results. Complete  epithelization of the tracheal  and bronchial mucosa occurred  significantly  earlier (4 (3; 7) days) in patients with the 2nd  degree inhalation injury when using type 1 collagen application, than in those without the application (7 (4; 9) days) (n=15 and n=21 respectively; U=49.5; P=0.0004). In the case of the 3rd  degree inhalation injury, coating of ulcers of the tracheobronchial tree mucosa with the collagen solution also significantly reduced the epithelialization period on average to 8 (7; 10) days, while after the standard sanitation bronchoscopy, this period was 17 (12; 22) days (n=14 and n=9  respectively;  U=1; P=0.0001). The morphological  changes in patients of the main group were characterized by the absence of signs of a purulent inflammation, early appearance of macrophages and lymphocytes, and covering of type I collagen by simple cuboidal epithelium, while in the reference group, there was a severe purulent inflammation manifested by polymorphonuclear leukocyte  infiltration.Conclusion. The sanitation bronchoscopy with simultaneous closure of the damaged areas of the mucous membrane with the type I human collagen solution  results  in relief of the inflammatory process which is confirmed by morphological  studies.                                                                                           Целью исследования — определение  морфологических особенностей  течения  процесса репарации  слизистой оболочки трахеи и бронхов при применении санационной бронхоскопии с аппликацией раствора коллагена I типа человека у пациентов с ингаляционной травмой (ИТ).Материалы и методы. В открытое рандомизированное проспективное исследование включили 59 пациентов с ИТ 2—3-й степени тяжести по классификации Ю. В. Синева и А. Ю. Скрипаля. Основную  группу составили 29 человек. Им выполняли санационную  бронхоскопию с аппликацией раствора коллагена  I типа человека на эрозивно-язвенные повреждения слизистой оболочки. В группу сравнения вошли 30 пациентов, которым санационную бронхоскопию выполняли в соответствии со стандартами оказания медицинской помощи. С целью оценки морфологической динамики  течения процесса репарации  слизистой оболочки выполняли морфологическое исследование биопсийного  материала, полученного  в ходе эндоскопических исследований. Раствор  для применения готовили в соответствии с ранее разработанным способом (патент РФ на изобретение № RU 2591544C1) из коллагена I типа человека, полученного из связок и сухожилий методом кислотной экстракции.Результаты. У пациентов  с ИТ 2-й степени при использовании аппликации коллагена  1 типа человека полная эпителизация слизистой оболочки трахеи и бронхов происходила достоверно раньше (4 (3; 7) сутки), чем без его нанесения (7 (4; 9) сутки)  (n=15 и n=21 соответственно;  U=49,5; p=0,0004).  При ИТ 3-й степени покрытие  язв слизистой оболочки  трахеобронхиального дерева раствором  коллагена  также достоверно  сокращало сроки эпителизации в среднем до 8 (7; 10) суток, в то время как при выполнении стандартной санационной  бронхоскопии данный  период  составлял  17 (12;  22)  суток  (n=14 и n=9  соответственно;  U=1; p=0,0001).  Динамика  морфологической картины  у пациентов  основной  группы характеризовалась отсутствием признаков гнойного воспаления, ранним появлением макрофагов и лимфоцитов, наползанием однорядного эпителия по коллагену I типа человека, в то время как у группы сравнения отмечалось выраженное гнойное воспаление, проявляющееся инфильтрация полиморфноядерными лейкоцитами.Заключение.  Санационная бронхоскопия с одномоментным закрытием поврежденных участков слизистой оболочки  раствором  коллагена  I типа человека  сопровождается купированием воспалительного процесса, что подтверждается на основании  морфологических исследований

НЕКОТОРЫЕ ТЕНДЕНЦИИ МИРОВОГО РЫНКА РЗМ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ РОССИИ

The paper presents a review of some trends observed on the world market of rare-earth elements (REE). This review takes into account actual changes in the commercial and industrial policy of China and the current trends of REE consumption. Main characteristics of the modern REE markets are considered. The paper provides an assessment of world production volumes, world trade and prices. The article describes the REE market behavior in 2000–2020 and provides a forecast of main indicators and prices up to 2020. It contains a description of current world REE resources, production and trade over the main countries. In addition, the prices and the main buyers of REE are specified indicating the forecast of consumption. The prospects of the Russian REE market are estimated taking into account the «Development of the Rare and Rare-Earth Elements Industry» subprogram implemented as part of the State Program of the Russian Federation «Industry Development and Competitiveness Improvement». The purpose of the subprogram is to create a competitive rare-earth industry of an integrated production cycle in the Russian Federation in order to satisfy the needs of the domestic defense industry complex, civil industries and enter the foreign markets. It is noted that this subprogram should be upgraded with regard to changes in the market conditions and development of rare-earth elements production in the Russian Federation including by means of statutory, non-tariff and technical regulation. Loparite and apatite will remain the main sources of rare-earth elements as raw materials for industrial processing in Russia in the near future, while REE production from apatite will increase. It is emphasized that the prospects of REE development in Russia consist not so much in increasing the primary production as in establishing new plants consuming rare-earth products.Представлен анализ некоторых направлений развития мирового рынка редкоземельных металлов (РЗМ) с учетом происходящих изменений в торгово-промышленной политике Китая и тенденций потребления РЗМ. Рассматриваются основные характеристики современных рынков РЗМ, дана оценка объемов мирового производства, мировой торговли и цен. Описана динамика рынков в 2000–2017 гг. и сделан прогноз основных показателей и цен до 2020 г. Дан обзор современных мировых запасов РЗМ, производства и торговли по основным странам. Приведены цены и основные покупатели РЗМ, а также прогноз потребления. Сделана оценка перспектив отечественного рынка РЗМ с учетом выполнения в России подпрограммы «Развитие промышленности редких и редкоземельных металлов» государственной программы РФ «Развитие промышленности и повышение ее конкурентоспособности». Целью подпрограммы являлось создание в РФ конкурентоспособной редкоземельной промышленности полного технологического цикла для удовлетворения потребностей отечественного оборонно-промышленного комплекса, гражданских отраслей промышленности и выхода на зарубежные рынки. Отмечается необходимость актуализировать эту подпрограмму с учетом изменения рыночной конъюнктуры и развития производства редкоземельных металлов на территории РФ в промышленности, в том числе путем нормативного, нетарифного и технического регулирования. Основными источниками редкоземельного сырья в России для промышленной переработки на бли жайший период останутся лопарит и апатит, при этом производство РЗМ из апатита будет увеличиваться. Подчеркнуто, что перспективы развития РЗМ в РФ заключаются не столько в росте производства первичной продукции, сколько в создании новых производств, потребляющих редкоземельную продукцию.