On the extreme variants of nuclear fusion realization

The canonic reaction of helium synthesis as a result of deuterium and tritium interaction can take place both in high-temperature and low-temperature variants. In both cases, the nuclei draw together so closely that Coulomb’s barrier becomes enough transparent for tunneling. In the case of high-temperature synthesis the energy of chaotic thermal motion is needed to overcome the energy of electrostatic repulsion of «bare» nuclei. As a contrary, in the low-temperature variant, when deuterium and tritium nuclei replace protons in partially ionized hydrogen molecule, and negatively charged μ-meson replaces the only electron, electromagnetic interaction of nuclei with μ-meson provides nuclei approach each other to the critical distance of Rс ≈ 5 ∙ 10–13 m. A hypothesis on appearance of intermedium quasi-molecular states (IQS) when negatively charged ions collide is formulated. It is supposed that in such states the nuclei can draw together due to effective attraction to the group of negatively charged electrons having higher mass and charge as compared with individual electron. The value Rс ≈ 5 ∙ 10–13 m guarantees the tunneling only for light nuclei; therefore, the focus is made on ions’ collision with α-clustered nuclei (having compositions divisible to α-particles compositions). It is expected that the new nuclei synthesis will take place in the presence of oncoming tunneling of relatively weakly connected α-particles from α-clustered nuclei. For IQS formation, the energy acquired by colliding ions in external fields has to be comparable with the energy of their entire ionization. It was shown that the energies (not exceeding 1 keV) of oxygen ions in experiments with electrolysis of water, were accompanied by appearance of mainly carbon, silicon and iron, which meet this condition. These facts testify for the existence of IQS that have to be considered as one of the necessary conditions of low-energy nuclear reactions. In the Conclusion the program of further research is briefly stated. © 2017, Institute for Metals Superplasticity Problems of Russian Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved

A model for intermediate quasi-molecular state and variants of chemical element synthesis

In the present work, the simplest quasi-classic model of intermediate quasi-molecular state (IQS) is discussed. From the one hand, the model is based upon Bohr’s idea about a binding electron orbit of hydrogen molecule having a round form with the orbital plane orthogonal to the section connecting the nuclei. From the other hand, the model permits coupling of electrons (with opposite spins) owing to non-potential contact interaction that had been introduced in hadronic mechanics of Santilli. In order to underline the specifics of the results of such interactions, term “isoparticles” is used in hadronic mechanics. Using a pair of bivalent oxygen ions, it is shown that the simplest model allows drawing the nuclei together until critical distances Rc ≈ 10-13 m. In the discussion of the results, an additional possibility of element synthesis for IQS is noted. This possibility is connected with exchange of virtual isopositron-isoelectron pairs between the near-coming nuclei. The upper level of such interaction radius [Rint]max corresponds to Rc ≈ 10-13 m in the case of exchange of virtual positroniums (with rest energy ≈ 1 MeV), while the lower level [Rint]min ≈ 10−15 m is realized in the case of virtual π0-mesons interchange. As soon as in hadronic mechanics π0-meson is interpreted as a bonded state of isopositron and isoelectron (with rest energy ≈ 135 MeV), the offered mechanism of exchange naturally allows the existence of virtual pairs with energies ε in the interval 1 MeV < ε < 135 MeV. Therefore, by achievement of IQS, the channel for new elements synthesis opens and does not require decomposition of the initial nuclei till α-particles with their following synthesis at opposing motion towards common center of attraction. © 2018, Institute for Metals Superplasticity Problems of Russian Academy of Sciences. All Rights reserved.В данной работе рассматривается простейшая квазиклассическая модель промежуточного квазимолекулярного состояния (ПКС). С одной стороны, модель базируется на идее Бора о связующей электронной орбите молекулы водорода в форме окружности с плоскостью орбиты, ортогональной отрезку, соединяющему ядра. С другой стороны, в модели допускается спаривание электронов (с противоположными спинами) за счет непотенциального контактного взаимодействия, которое было введено в адронной механике Сантилли. Чтобы подчеркнуть специфику результатов подобных взаимодействий, в адронной механике используется термин изочастицы. На примере столкновения пары двухвалентных ионов кислорода показано, что простейшая модель ПКС допускает сближение ядер до критических расстояний Rc≈10−13 м. При обсуждении результатов отмечается дополнительная для ПКС возможность синтеза элементов. Эта возможность заключается в обмене сближающихся ядер виртуальными изопозитрон-изоэлектронными парами. Верхняя граница радиуса такого взаимодействия [Rint]max соответствует Rc в случае обмена виртуальными позитрониями (с энергией покоя ≈1 МэВ), тогда как нижняя граница [Rint]min≈10−15 м реализуется при обмене виртуальными π0-мезонами. Поскольку в адронной механике π0-мезон интерпретируется как связанное состояние изопозитрона и изоэлектрона (с энергией покоя ≈135 МэВ), то предлагаемый механизм обмена естественно допуска ет существование виртуальных пар с энергиями ε из интервала 1 МэВ<ε<135 МэВ. Следовательно при достижении ПКС открывается канал для синтеза новых элементов, не требующий распада исходных ядер на α-частицы с последующим их синтезом при встречном движении к общему центру притяжения

On the extreme variants of nuclear fusion realization

The canonic reaction of helium synthesis as a result of deuterium and tritium interaction can take place both in high-temperature and low-temperature variants. In both cases, the nuclei draw together so closely that Coulomb’s barrier becomes enough transparent for tunneling. In the case of high-temperature synthesis the energy of chaotic thermal motion is needed to overcome the energy of electrostatic repulsion of «bare» nuclei. As a contrary, in the low-temperature variant, when deuterium and tritium nuclei replace protons in partially ionized hydrogen molecule, and negatively charged μ-meson replaces the only electron, electromagnetic interaction of nuclei with μ-meson provides nuclei approach each other to the critical distance of Rс ≈ 5 ∙ 10–13 m. A hypothesis on appearance of intermedium quasi-molecular states (IQS) when negatively charged ions collide is formulated. It is supposed that in such states the nuclei can draw together due to effective attraction to the group of negatively charged electrons having higher mass and charge as compared with individual electron. The value Rс ≈ 5 ∙ 10–13 m guarantees the tunneling only for light nuclei; therefore, the focus is made on ions’ collision with α-clustered nuclei (having compositions divisible to α-particles compositions). It is expected that the new nuclei synthesis will take place in the presence of oncoming tunneling of relatively weakly connected α-particles from α-clustered nuclei. For IQS formation, the energy acquired by colliding ions in external fields has to be comparable with the energy of their entire ionization. It was shown that the energies (not exceeding 1 keV) of oxygen ions in experiments with electrolysis of water, were accompanied by appearance of mainly carbon, silicon and iron, which meet this condition. These facts testify for the existence of IQS that have to be considered as one of the necessary conditions of low-energy nuclear reactions. In the Conclusion the program of further research is briefly stated. © 2017, Institute for Metals Superplasticity Problems of Russian Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved

Upper critical fields and thermally-activated transport of Nd(O_0.7F_0.3)FeAs single crystal

We present measurements of the resistivity and the upper critical field H_c2 of Nd(O_0.7F_0.3)FeAs single crystals in strong DC and pulsed magnetic fields up to 45 T and 60 T, respectively. We found that the field scale of H_c2 is comparable to ~100 T of high T_c cuprates. H_c2(T) parallel to the c-axis exhibits a pronounced upward curvature similar to what was extracted from earlier measurements on polycrystalline samples. Thus this behavior is indeed an intrinsic feature of oxypnictides, rather than manifestation of vortex lattice melting or granularity. The orientational dependence of H_c2 shows deviations from the one-band Ginzburg-Landau scaling. The mass anisotropy decreases as T decreases, from 9.2 at 44K to 5 at 34K. Spin dependent magnetoresistance and nonlinearities in the Hall coefficient suggest contribution to the conductivity from electron-electron interactions modified by disorder reminiscent that of diluted magnetic semiconductors. The Ohmic resistivity measured below T_c but above the irreversibility field exhibits a clear Arrhenius thermally activated behavior over 4-5 decades. The activation energy has very different field dependencies for H||ab and H\perp ab. We discuss to what extent different pairing scenarios can manifest themselves in the observed behavior of H_{c2}, using the two-band model of superconductivity. The results indicate the importance of paramagnetic effects on H_c2(T),which may significantly reduce H_c2(0) as compared toH_c2(0)~200-300 T based on extrapolations of H_c2(T) near T_c down to low temperatures.Comment: 11 pages, 16 figure

The magnetoresistance and Hall effect in CeFeAsO: a high magnetic field study

The longitudinal electrical resistivity and the transverse Hall resistivity of CeFeAsO are simultaneously measured up to a magnetic field of 45T using the facilities of pulsed magnetic field at Los Alamos. Distinct behaviour is observed in both the magnetoresistance Rxx({\mu}0H) and the Hall resistance Rxy({\mu}0H) while crossing the structural phase transition at Ts \approx 150K. At temperatures above Ts, little magnetoresistance is observed and the Hall resistivity follows linear field dependence. Upon cooling down the system below Ts, large magnetoresistance develops and the Hall resistivity deviates from the linear field dependence. Furthermore, we found that the transition at Ts is extremely robust against the external magnetic field. We argue that the magnetic state in CeFeAsO is unlikely a conventional type of spin-density-wave (SDW).Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures SCES2010, To appear in J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. for SCES201

Structure and properties of the intercalation compound FexTiTe2

The FexTiTe2 system, which belongs to the class of materials with the electronic spectrum containing below the Fermi level the band of localized states with a strong temperature dependence of the band width, has been investigated experimentally. Heating of the material leads to a broadening of the band of localized states. When the top of this band crosses with the Fermi level, the effect of retrograde solubility is observed in the system; i. e., the metal precipitates to the composition ensuring the absence of increase in the Fermi energy during heating. The influence of the band of localized states on the structure of the material and its magnetic and electrical properties has been analyzed. © 2013 Pleiades Publishing, Ltd

The concept of quasineutrons and the synthesis of zinc from the extraction of a part of the material of copper electrodes during electric current discharges in an aqueous solution of NaCl

For aqueous solutions during the flow of intense electric currents, the formation of quasineutrons (p + e), bound states of protons p and electrons e, should be typical. Then, as the simplest products of nuclear reactions, one can expect the formation of elements that are adjacent (in the periodic table) to the elements in the electrodes. In the experimental setup, pulsed electrical discharges are carried out in an aqueous solution of NaCl with a concentration of 0.1 g/l using an oscillatory circuit tuned to resonance with the supply voltage (220 V, 50 Hz). As a material for hollow tubular electrodes, commercial copper was used. The starting potential difference is 650 V. The discharges were accompanied by precipitation. Along with the products of erosion of electrodes (Cu), there are particles with a significant proportion of zinc, the content of which varies widely, sometimes exceeding the copper content. This result testifies in favor of the existence of quasineutron states allowing the proton to approach distances of the order of the critical radius Rc ~10−13 m for capturing the proton by the copper core. Particles containing nickel along with copper and zinc were also found. This can indicate both electronic capture with the formation of the Ni63 isotope (half-life T ≈100 years) and capture of the quasineutron with the formation of Cu64 (T ≈12.7 hours) followed by electronic capture and the formation of Ni64. The abundance of particles containing zinc (without Ni) demonstrates the preference for proton capture. © 2020, Institute for Metals Superplasticity Problems of Russian Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.The authors are grateful to the participants of the thirteenth international Ural seminar “Radiation Physics of Metals and Alloys” for discussing some of the results of the work. The authors express their gratitude to the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Russia for the support in the execution of state assignment No. 075-00243-20-01 of 08/26/2020 within the framework of the FEUG-2020-0013 theme "Environmental aspects of rational nature management"

Transmutation of a part of the extracted material of brass electrodes with pulses of electric current in an aqueous solution of NaCl

In the electroplasma version of the electrolysis of water and aqueous solutions of salts, synthesis of a fairly wide range of chemical elements is observed. In the original installation, the erosion of the electrodes is not significant and the main contribution to the formation of chemical elements precipitated as a solid powder is their synthesis from the substances in the solution. On the contrary, in the simplified installation proposed for demonstrating the synthesis of elements, the erosion of the electrodes is significant. Therefore, it is considered that only elements (from the solid sediment) that are not included in the composition of electrodes are synthesized. Тo build up the experimental database, systematize and analyze them, we collected a simplified experimental set-up that allows for pulsed electrical discharges in water and aqueous salt solutions using an oscillatory circuit tuned to resonance with a supply voltage (220 V, 50 Hz). Aqueous solution of NaCl with a concentration of 0.1 g/l was used in this experiment. Brass was used as the material of the hollow tubular electrodes. The starting potential difference was 560 V. The gap between the electrodes was 0.7 mm. The electrodes were arranged vertically. Between the upper and lower vessels, the water moved by itself. Each series of discharges was accompanied by the appearance of a portion of a liquid of dark (black) color with subsequent precipitation. The analysis of the sediment showed that along with the products of simple erosion of the electrodes (Cu and Zn), there are synthesized elements (Mg, Si, S, Al, Fe and several others), which confirms the known data. In addition, spherical particles (with diameters of up to 1 μm) have been identified as the main component of which is Fe. The appearance of such particles most likely indicates the possibility of extracting the material from the region of local melting of the electrodes accompanied by copper and zinc transmutations. A discussion of the mechanism of transmutation shows that a significant difference in the isotopic composition of iron from the natural one can be expected. © 2020, Institute for Metals Superplasticity Problems of Russian Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved