Performance Comparison of Geographic LAR1 with On-demand AODV and DSR Routing Protocols for MANETs

MANET is a self organizing, infrastructure-less network, that consist number of low power mobile nodes connected by wireless radio frequency signals. These nodes in this dynamic environment move freely in any direction, which leads to change in network topology. It is very difficult to recharge or replace the battery of the nodes. To maximize the battery life and lifetime of the network, the nodes are required to be energy conserved. The mobile node energy can be affected by the performance of the routing protocol. We have considered three routing protocols, one is location based protocol - LAR1 and the other two are non location based protocols - AODV and DSR. The energy performance metrics, routing power and residual energy in all the three modes –transmitting, receiving and idle mode are evaluated using these routing protocols in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks and also other performance metrics in application layer are evaluated, which are throughput, end-to-end delay and average jitter. The simulation is carried out by using EXata -5.4

A Novel Method for Classification and Modelling of Underwater Acoustic Communication through Machine Learning and Image Processing Technique

The increasing prevalence of underwater activities has highlighted the urgent need for reliable underwater acoustic communication systems. However, the challenging nature of the underwater environment poses significant obstacles to the implementation of conventional voice communication methods. To better understand and improve upon these systems, simulations of the underwater audio channel have been developed using mathematical models and assumptions. In this study, we utilize real-world information gathered from both a measured water reservoir and Lake to evaluate the ability of machine learning and machine learning methods, specifically Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Deep Neural Network (DNN), to accurately reconstruct the underwater audio channel. The outcomes validate the efficiency of machine learning methods, particularly LSTM, in accurately simulating the underwater acoustic communication channel with low mean absolute percentage error. Additionally, this research also includes an image processing to identify the objects present the in the acoustic environmen

Geochemical implications for the alteration of the Dras volcanic rocks from the ophiolites of Indus Suture Zone, Kashmir Himalaya

The Dras volcanic rocks form a part of the ophiolite belt along the Indus Suture Zone in the Kashmir Himalaya. These volcanic rocks have suffered alteration as in any other ophiolite zone. Three types of alterations spilitisation, submarine weathering and ridongitisation were suggested. The spilitic mineralogy appears to be secondary and must have developed due to the reaction of these rocks with hot sea water. Depletion of MgO and CaO and enrichment of K2O of these rocks relate to the submarine weathering at lower temperatures. Rodingitisation effect is reflected in the chemistry of some rocks with enriched CaO and depleted SiO2. The trace elements -Co, Cr, Ni, Cu, Pb and Rb do not show any considerable changes during alteration

Geochemistry and petrogenesis of ultramafic and mafic plutonic rocks of the Dras ophiolitic melange, Indus suture (northwest Himalaya)

Geochemical data are presented for a suite of ultramafic and related rocks from the Dras ophiolitic melange of the Indus suture zone in the western Himalaya. Harzburgites from the suite have highly refractory chemistry. Lherzolites from the suite represent modified mantle material and are comparable to potential source rocks for MORB and to the lherzolites of the Bay of Islands ophiolites. Cumulus dunite, pyroxenite and gabbro units contain olivine, chromite, clinopyroxene and plagioclase as the major cumulus phases. Orthopyroxene is absent as a cumulus phase and in this respect the Dras ophiolite differs from the Marum, Betts Cove and Troodos ophiolites. However, the Dras cumulates are similar to the Vourinos and Bay of Islands cumulate sequence and are consistent with accumulation of low-pressure liquidus phases of mid-oceanic ridge-type magmas. Magmas parental to the Dras cumulate rocks contained high 100 Mg/(Mg+Fe2+) ratios of 77-79, high Ni, Cr and possibly Ca, low Ti and depleted LREE. Parent magmas were probably similar to those of normal MORB formed by two-stage (or dynamic) melting processes in the mantle. Peridotite fabrics suggest high-temperature plastic (mantle) deformation. Disruption, serpentinisation and melange formation were probably produced during emplacement in the Indus suture zone

Geochemistry of Dras volcanics and the evolution of the Indus Suture ophiolites

The Indus Suture Zone, with many ophiolite occurrences, represents the northern limit of the Tethyan Himalaya. The volcanic rocks of the Dras ophiolite zone exhibit low TiO2, K2O, P2O5, SiO2, Pb, Rb, Ba, Sr and Zr concentrations and lower La/Yb ratios than the intraplate tholeiites. Intercalation of marine sediments, presence of pillow lavas, low K2O, low to moderate TiO2, high MgO, CaO/TiO2 and Al2O3, flat REE patterns with lower LaN/SmN ratios and increase of SiO2, FeO(T) and TiO2 with the fractionation indicate that they are island-arc tholeiites similar to lavas of late Cretaceous age in Cyprus and Oman. These volcanics are postulated to have been derived from a tholeiitic magma generated by a high degree of partial melting and fractionation of mafic phases prior to the crystallization of plagioclase. The island-arc tholeiitic volcanism, the lack of major CA volcanic activity and the reported blueschist metamorphism of the Indus ophiolites suggest a palaeo-island arc development along the Indus Suture Zone along which the Tethys oceanic crust was consumed

Trace element geochemistry of parts of the Closepet granite, Mysore State, India

Trace elements in twenty samples of the Closepet granite (grey and pink varieties) and the related rocks have been determined by neutron activation analysis (Th, Rb, and Cs), fluorometry (U), flame-photometry (K), and emission spectroscopy (Pb, Sr). The trace element contents of the grey and pink varieties are generally similar. An analysis of the magnitudes of the trace element and other ratios (K/Rb, 235; Th/U, 6.4; U/K (Ø 106), 0.7; K/Cs (Ø10-4), 3.6; Th/K (Ø104), 5.3; Fe2O3/(FeO +Fe2O3), 0.27) as well as 87Sr/86Sr initial ratio (0.705; Crawford, 1969) of the Closepet granite indicate two possible modes of genesis : Either the granite magma was not highly differentiated and the vapour phase was relatively insignificant; the crystallization of the magma took place under essentially non-oxidizing conditions; the pink variety, which followed the grey variety, crystallized under essentially the same conditions as the grey variety. Or the Closepet granite had a two-stage history--palingenesis (starting from the Peninsular gneiss) and metasomatism involving the enrichment in K, Rb, Pb, and Th and depletion of Sr and Cs, among others

Zearalenone induced toxicity in SHSY-5Y cells: The role of oxidative stress evidenced by N-acetyl cysteine

Zearalenone (ZEN) is a mycotoxin from Fusarium species commonly found in many food commodities and are known to cause reproductive disorders, genotoxic and immunosuppressive effects. Although many studies have demonstrated the cytotoxic effects of ZEN, the mechanisms by which ZEN mediates its cytotoxic effects appear to differ according to cell type and route of exposure. Meantime, the available information on the neurotoxic effects of ZEN is very much limited. In the present study we evaluated the role of oxidative stress in ZEN mediated neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells and investigated the possible underlying mechanism. ZEN induced ROS formation and elevated levels of MDA, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and increase in DNA damage in a dose dependent manner as assessed by COMET assay and agarose gel electrophoresis. However, there was no DNA damage by plasmid breakage assay at 6, 12 and 24. h time points. DAPI staining showed apoptotic nuclei at 12 and 24. h. Further, ZEN treated SH-SY5Y cells showed a marked suppressive effect on the neuronal gene expression. Use of an antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) reversed the toxin-induced generation of ROS and also attenuated loss of MMP. Collectively, these results suggest that ROS is the main upstream signal leading to increased ZEN mediated neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells