Investigation of regularities of occurrence of external effects of education and their significance for the economic development

The aim of the research is to assess the quantitative impact of education on the emergence of externalities and economic development. It has been shown that the increase in the education of specialists in interaction with innovative activity contributes to the emergence of external effects, which have a high level of significance for economic dynamics. As a result, the total contribution to GDP, as a result of an additional year of study for a specialist with a higher education, increases by about 50%. Realizing this effect, the largest economies of the world (the USA, the European Union, China and Japan) have been increasing the share of specialists with tertiary (vocational) education approximately linearly at a rate of 0,8 ±0,2% per year over the past 25 years. For Russia, the positive effect of a high level of tertiary education is significantly reduced due to the problems of interaction with the economic environment. The income that innovators themselves receive is, in a significant proportion of cases, relatively small. In particular, for the «Open Distance Education» innovation, the innovator's income was about 0,3% of the income of other recipients of benefits from the innovation. A significantly large share of the income from innovation is realized as an external effect of other users of the innovation, especially the consumers of the manufactured products and followers. Quantitative estimates of the external contribution to GDP of the innovation «Open Distance Education» show that they amount to about 14 thousand dollars per graduate, and only 340 million dollars a year. The findings can be used to assess the impact of education and develop strategies for staff training and innovation development

Рекомендации для разработчиков медицинских информационных систем

Currently, many medical institutions are implementing information systems in their work that improve the quality of medical care and patient care, improve communication and speed of decision-making. This not only increases the effectiveness of the treatment, but also helps to reduce the number of errors of doctors and medical staff. The constant availability of information about the patient's health is very useful to ensure the continuity of their treatment. In addition, electronic systems help better manage finances, making all monetary transactions more transparent. Thus, there is a big need for the implementation of medical information systems. If you have a task to design or develop a system for a hospital, you should know the generally accepted standards and understand which set of subsystems is better to implement in the final product. This article can help a software architect or programmer quickly gain insight into the tasks of medical information systems, learn about standards such as Health Level 7 (HL7) and DICOM, and understand how to get started on a project.В настоящее время многие медицинские учреждения внедряют в своей работе информационные системы, которые повышают качество медицинской помощи и обслуживания пациентов, улучшают коммуникацию и ускоряют принятие решений. Это не только повышает эффективность лечения, но также помогает уменьшить количество ошибок врачей и медперсонала. Постоянная доступность информации о состоянии здоровья пациента очень полезна для обеспечения непрерывности его лечения. Кроме этого, электронные системы помогают лучше управлять финансами, делая более прозрачными все денежные операции. Таким образом, появляется большая потребность во внедрении медицинских информационных систем. Если перед вами стоит задача спроектировать или разработать систему для больницы, вы должны знать общепринятые стандарты и понимать какой набор подсистем лучше реализовать в конечном продукте. Данная статья может помочь архитектору программного обеспечения или программисту быстро получить представление о задачах медицинских информационных систем, узнать об общепринятых стандартах, таких как Health Level 7 (HL7) и DICOM, а также понять, с чего начать работу над проектом

Morphological determinants for the local hemostatic effect of exogenous fibrin monomer in its systemic administration after injury with inhibition of platelet aggregation in the experiment

Background. In our previously published studies, we demonstrated a high hemostatic activity of a low dose of exogenous fibrin monomer during its systemic administration in a model of dosed liver injury with preliminary inhibition of platelet aggregation. However, the analysis of platelet involvement in the mechanisms of local fibrin formation has not been analyzed. The aim of the study. To conduct a comparative analysis of the cellular composition of venous and wound blood, as well as blood in the wound vessels to assess the contribution of platelets to the hemostatic effect of exogenously administered fibrin monomers in dosed liver injury under conditions of pharmacologically determined thrombocytopathy. Methods. In a model of dosed liver injury in rabbits after inhibition of platelet aggregation by  acetylsalicylic acid in combination with clopidogrel, the effect of the administration of fibrin monomer was evaluated in comparison with the use of tranexamic acid. We studied the number of platelets in venous and wound blood smears, as well as in the contents of wound vessels. Results. It has been established that with the systemic administration of exogenous fibrin monomer, the number of platelets in wound blood smears decreases by 17.2 % in comparison with free circulating venous blood. Platelets in wound blood form aggregates and are in an activated state. In the wound vessels, the number of these cells was maximum (150 per lower field) compared with the number of platelets in the placebo and tranexamic acid groups (55 and 84 per lower field, respectively). Also in the wound blood, erythrocytes with altered forms (echinocytes, schistocytes, stomatocytes and ovalocytes) were found. Conclusion. Systemic administration of exogenous fibrin monomer affects the redistribution of platelets between the systemic circulation, wound vessels and wound blood, determining its hemostatic effect and local wound fibrin formation in dosed liver injury. The presence of receptor-mediated platelets recruitment due to fibrin monomer in the wound vessels with the  participation of damaged erythrocytes is assumed

Predictive scales and ECG indicators in the acute stroke period

The features of the ECG in patients with different values of the SAPS and APACHE II scales in the acute period of stroke were investigated. Despite the fact that the APACHE II and SAPS scales do not include ECG parameters, a number of ECG parameters significantly differ in patients with acute stroke at different values according to these scales. The prognosis aggravation according to the studied scales was not always accompanied by the same type of ECG parameters changes. Survived patients with high APACHE II scores were characterized by high dysmorphic values of ECG amplitude parameters. Died patients with high risks on both scales showed an increase in dysmorphism in many ECG parameters. The scientific novelty of the study is in the detection of ECG features at different values of the SAPS and APACHE II scales in the acute period of stroke.Изучены особенности ЭКГ у пациентов при разных значениях шкал SAPS и APACHE II в остром периоде инсульта. Несмотря на то, что шкалы APACHE II и SAPS не включают в себя параметры ЭКГ, у пациентов с острым инсультом при различных значениях по данным шкалам ряд показателей ЭКГ достоверно отличались. Ухудшение прогноза по изученным шкалам не всегда сопровождалось однотипными изменениями показателей ЭКГ. Выжившие пациенты с высокими значениями по шкале APACHE II характеризовались большими показателями дизморфности амплитудных значений ЭКГ. Умершие пациенты с высокими рисками по обеим шкалам демонстрировали увеличение дизморфности по многим показателям ЭКГ. Научная новизна исследования заключается в обнаружении особенностей ЭКГ при различных рисках осложнений по шкалам SAPS и APACHE II в остром периоде инсульта

Time-dependent systemic hemostatic effects of fibrin monomer in controlled liver injury in the experiment

Aim. To evaluate the hemostatic effect of fibrin monomer after its intravenous administration at different time periods in experimental trauma. Methods. In the experiments, in a placebo-controlled study, hemostatic and hemostasiological effects of systemic use of fibrin monomer were studied at different time periods after its administration (in 5 min, 1 h and 3 h) in 97 male rabbits of the Chinchilla breed in the controlled liver injury model. Results. A pronounced hemostatic effect was demonstrated for fibrin monomer used at a dose of 0.25 mg/kg demonstrated by a 6.3-fold decrease of blood loss volume (% of circulating blood volume) compared to placebo on the background of the intravenous preventive fibrin monomer administration 1 hour prior to controlled liver injury. Fibrin monomer administration at a stated dose was not accompanied by significant changes in haemocoagulative parameters including measurement of platelet count, activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, thrombin time, echitox time, fibrinogen concentration, level of soluble fibrin monomer complexes, D-dimer content, and antithrombin III activity. The effect of fibrin monomer is probably realized through some effectors, the nature of which has not yet been studied. The obtained results allow choosing the optimal interval between intravenous administrations of fibrin monomer and controlled liver injury for further study of the mechanisms of its hemostatic action. Conclusion. Fibrin monomer in small doses (0.25 mg/kg) is able to exert a pronounced hemostatic effect with its systemic administration 1 hour prior to the injury without significant changes in haemocoagulative parameters

Human papillomavirus infection of urogenital tract male reproductive age

Analysis of morbidity among 174 male patients with papillomaviral infection has been done. The data concerning of clinico-epidemiologic patterns and peculiarities of papillomaviral infection and its associations with other STI are presented.Проведен анализ частоты встречаемости папилломавирусной инфекцией урогенитального тракта у 174 мужчин репродуктивного возраста. Представлены данные о частоте встречаемости папилломавирусной инфекции и клинических особенностях ее течения в ассоциациях с условно-патогенными микроорганизмами

Метаболизм холестерина в макрофагах

Disturbance of lipid metabolism can lead to the development of pathological processes. Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease characterized by the development of atherosclerotic lesions as a result of the lipid accumulation in the great arterial walls. As a result of cholesterol accumulation by macrophage within the atherosclerotic lesions, they differentiate into foam cells. Macrophage lipid uptake may occur either though the receptor-dependent pathway by low-density lipoprotein receptors and the SR-A, CD36 and LOX-1 scavenger receptors, or the receptor-independent pathway by pinocytosis and phagocytosis. Various enzymes such as ACAT-1 and Abstract    NCEH, enzymes of the biosynthesis and fatty acid oxidation pathways, as well as various transcription factors - SREBP, Nrf1 and Nrf2 participate in the intracellular regulation of lipids. High-density lipoproteins and transporters such as ABCA1, ABCG1 and SR-BI play a vital role in the regulation of cholesterol efflux from cells. Players of lipid metabolism are regulated by various kinase signaling pathways that activate many transcription factors - LXR, RXR, PPARy, NF-kB, etc. Regulation disturbance of intracellular metabolism and imbalance in uptake and efflux of cholesterol from macrophages lead to their differentiation into foam cells. The aim of this review is to describe the mechanisms underlaying lipid metabolism in macrophages and resulting in the transformation of these cells into foam cells.Нарушение метаболизма липидов может приводить к развитию патологических процессов. Атеросклероз является хроническим заболеванием, которое характеризуется атеросклеротическими поражениями в результате накопления липидов в стенках магистральных сосудов. Из-за накопления холестерина внутри атеросклеротических поражений макрофаги дифференцируются в пенистые клетки. Поглощение липидов макрофагами может осуществляться рецептор-зависимым путем, в котором принимают участие рецепторы к липопротеинам низкой плотности и скэвенджер-рецепторы SR-A, CD36 и LOX- 1, а также рецептор-независимым - за счет пино- и фагоцитоза. Внутриклеточную регуляцию липидов осуществляют различные ферменты, такие как АСАТ-1 и NCEH, ферменты путей биосинтеза и окисления жирных кислот, а также транскрипционные факторы - SREBP, Nrfl и Nrf2. В регуляции оттока холестерина из клеток решающую роль играют липопротеины высокой плотности и такие белки-переносчики, как ABCA1, ABCG1 и SR-BI. Регуляцию всех участников метаболизма липидов осуществляют различные сигнальные киназные пути, активирующие множество транскрипционных факторов - LXR, RXR, PPARy, NF-kB и другие. Нарушение регуляции процессов внутриклеточного метаболизма, дисбаланс поглощения и оттока холестерина из макрофагов в конечном счете приводят к их дифференцировке в пенистые клетки. Цель данного обзора состоит в описании известных механизмов метаболизма липидов в макрофагах, приводящих к превращению этих клеток в пенистые

Клеточные и тканевые маркеры атеросклероза

Atherosclerotic lesions are characterized by various multiple changes at the gene expression levels. However, there are general trends at the cellular and molecular levels. Extracellular matrix remodeling of blood vessels occurs due to an increase in the mRNA levels of the cathepsin and matalloprotease genes, as well as a decrease in the levels of type I and III collagen transcripts. A change in the transcriptional activity of some genes leads to a disruption in the regulation of the smooth muscle cells cytoskeleton and intercellular interaction, which also contributes to the formation of atherosclerotic lesions. Attraction of leukocytes to the arterial walls by cathepsins, chemokines and other markers associated with signaling systems leads to the infiltration of monocytes into the intima. In addition, there is a change in the ratio of apoprotein expression, the prevalence of the expression of some over others, which leads to the cholesterol accumulation and impaired lipid metabolism.The genes responsible for the accumulation of oxidized low-density lipoproteinare activated, that induces inflammatory responses through Toll-like receptors. High levels of CD36 and CD68 are observed, signaling the infiltration of lesions by macrophages. This review focuses on the recent studies on the transcriptome of atherosclerotic plaque from the human carotid artery. We examined differentially expressed genes of metalloproteases, cathepsins, chemokines and their receptors, lipid metabolism, extracellular matrix components, receptors associated with signaling systems, macrophage and smooth muscle cells markers. Several studies have overlapping results, as well as new genes that have not previously been reported to be associated with atherosclerosis. Studying of atherosclerotic plaque markers and single signaling pathway genes can provide new insights into the pathways involved in the mechanism of atherogenesis, as well as identify potential biomarkers that characterize the stages of atherosclerotic lesion development.Атеросклеротические изменения характеризуются различными множественными изменениями на уровне экспрессии генов. Однако существуют общие тенденции на клеточном и молекулярном уровнях. Происходит ремоделирование внеклеточного матрикса сосудов за счет повышения уровней матричных рибонуклеиновых кислот генов катепсинов, металлопротеиназ, а также снижения уровней транскриптов коллагена I и III типа. Изменение транскрипционной активности некоторых генов приводит к нарушению регуляции цитоскелета гладкомышечных клеток и межклеточного взаимодействия, что также вносит свой вклад в образование атеросклеротического поражения. Привлечение лейкоцитов к стенкам артерий при помощи катепсинов, хемокинов и других маркеров, связанных с сигнальными системами, приводит к инфильтрации моноцитов в интиму.Кроме того, наблюдается изменение соотношения экспрессии апобелков, превалирования экспрессии одних над другими, что приводит к накоплению холестерина и нарушению обмена липидов. Активируются гены, ответственные за накопление окисленных липопротеидов низкой плотности, что индуцирует воспалительные реакции через толл-подобные рецепторы. Наблюдаются высокие уровни CD36 и CD68, сигнализирующие об инфильтрации поражений макрофагами. В обзоре проанализированы результаты недавних исследований, связанных с изучением транскрипто-ма атеросклеротической бляшки из сонной артерии человека. Мы рассмотрели дифференциально экспрессированные гены металлопротеиназ, катепсинов, хемокинов и их рецепторов, липидного метаболизма, компонентов внеклеточного матрикса; рецепторов, связанных с сигнальными системами, маркеров макрофагов и гладкомышечных клеток. Часть исследований имели перекрывающиеся результаты, а также новые гены, ранее не ассоциированные с атеросклерозом. Изучение маркеров атеросклеротической бляшки, отдельных генов сигнальных путей может помочь расширить наши знания о важных путях, вовлеченных в механизм атерогенеза, а также определить потенциальные биомаркеры, характеризующие стадии развития атеросклеротического поражения

NUScon: a community-driven platform for quantitative evaluation of nonuniform sampling in NMR

Although the concepts of nonuniform sampling (NUS​​​​​​​) and non-Fourier spectral reconstruction in multidimensional NMR began to emerge 4 decades ago (Bodenhausen and Ernst, 1981; Barna and Laue, 1987), it is only relatively recently that NUS has become more commonplace. Advantages of NUS include the ability to tailor experiments to reduce data collection time and to improve spectral quality, whether through detection of closely spaced peaks (i.e., “resolution”) or peaks of weak intensity (i.e., “sensitivity”). Wider adoption of these methods is the result of improvements in computational performance, a growing abundance and flexibility of software, support from NMR spectrometer vendors, and the increased data sampling demands imposed by higher magnetic fields. However, the identification of best practices still remains a significant and unmet challenge. Unlike the discrete Fourier transform, non-Fourier methods used to reconstruct spectra from NUS data are nonlinear, depend on the complexity and nature of the signals, and lack quantitative or formal theory describing their performance. Seemingly subtle algorithmic differences may lead to significant variabilities in spectral qualities and artifacts. A community-based critical assessment of NUS challenge problems has been initiated, called the “Nonuniform Sampling Contest” (NUScon), with the objective of determining best practices for processing and analyzing NUS experiments. We address this objective by constructing challenges from NMR experiments that we inject with synthetic signals, and we process these challenges using workflows submitted by the community. In the initial rounds of NUScon our aim is to establish objective criteria for evaluating the quality of spectral reconstructions. We present here a software package for performing the quantitative analyses, and we present the results from the first two rounds of NUScon. We discuss the challenges that remain and present a roadmap for continued community-driven development with the ultimate aim of providing best practices in this rapidly evolving field. The NUScon software package and all data from evaluating the challenge problems are hosted on the NMRbox platform