Creation of doubled haploid lines of maize <i>Zea mays</i> L. by resynthesis from a tetraploid population

The search for new, effective methods for broadening the genetic polymorphism of the original breeding material remains one of important problems of hybrid maize breeding. Globally, breeding of commercial maize varieties and hybrids is carried out using diploid genotypes, whereas tetraploid sources of initial material and wild relatives of maize are poorly involved in the breeding process. The direct heteroploid crosses between diploid and tetraploid genotypes lead to the formation of weakly fertile or completely sterile triploid hybrids, which are cytologically unstable in subsequent generations. Tetraploid maize (2n=40), as well as some wild relatives with tetraploid genome, such as Zea perennis Hitchk. (2n=40) and Tripsacum dactiloides (L.) L. (2n=72), are attractive to breeders as sources for improving economically valuable traits. The attractiveness of resynthesized diploid lines is explained by the fact that unequal crossing over between homologous chromosomes forming polyvalent associations of chromosomes, more chromosomal rearrangements occur in tetraploids than in diploid genotypes, the chromosomes of which form bivalents. Synthetic tetraploid populations of maize and its tetraploid wild relatives have great potential of variability for improving diploid maize. The authors proposed a direct method for the resynthesis of doubled haploid lines using haploid induction and an indirect method for obtaining diploid lines by heteroploid crossing and subsequent segregation of a triploid hybrid in the progeny. The method of resynthesizing the tetraploid maize genome to diploid serves as an ideal model for studying the processes of crossing over in meiosis between multivalent associations of homologous chromosomes; it is promising for obtaining diploid lines with an increased frequency of recombination between the homologous chromosomes of different genomes, combined into a common one, and can serve as a source for obtaining aneuploid series

Generalized Chaotic Synchronizationin Coupled Ginzburg-Landau Equations

Generalized synchronization is analyzed in unidirectionally coupled oscillatory systems exhibiting spatiotemporal chaotic behavior described by Ginzburg-Landau equations. Several types of coupling betweenthe systems are analyzed. The largest spatial Lyapunov exponent is proposed as a new characteristic of the state of a distributed system, and its calculation is described for a distributed oscillatory system. Partial generalized synchronization is introduced as a new type of chaotic synchronization in spatially nonuniform distributed systems. The physical mechanisms responsible for the onset of generalized chaotic synchronization in spatially distributed oscillatory systems are elucidated. It is shown that the onset of generalized chaotic synchronization is described by a modified Ginzburg-Landau equation with additional dissipation irrespective of the type of coupling. The effect of noise on the onset of a generalized synchronization regime in coupled distributed systems is analyzed.Comment: 12 page

ОБОСНОВАНИЕ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ ОРГАНОСОХРАНЯЮЩИХ ОПЕРАЦИЙ В КОМБИНИРОВАННОМ ЛЕЧЕНИИ БОЛЬНЫХ ИНВАЗИВНЫМ ПЛОСКОКЛЕТОЧНЫМ РАКОМ ПОЛОВОГО ЧЛЕНА

Background. Penis cancer is rare malignant tumor with morbidity 0,1−0,9 on 100 000 male in year. Most patients come to a doctor late, when performance of organosparing treatment is impossible. Organosparing operations associate with high frequency of development of local reccurence as compared with penectomy. Combined method is optimal treatment for patients with invasive penile cancer and provides good long-term results and preservation organ's function.Objectives. to increase of cure effectiveness by performance of organosparing operations into combined treatment.Subjects and methods. The investigation was included 72 patients with invasive squamouse penile cancer. Patients were divided into two groups subject to kind of treatment: I (42) — organosparing operations, II (30) — combined method. Surgical treatment was performing whole of 72 patients: 51 — resection, 12 — circumcision, 3 — local excision. Beam therapy was carrying out to 30 patients.Results. The frequency of relapse in I group was 52,4 %, in II — 13,2 % (p &lt; 0,01). Duration of period without relapse was four times higher in group of combined method — 71,3 ± 13,4 monthes as compared with group of surgical treatment — 17 ± 5,7.Conclusion. The combined method of cure for patients with invasive squamous penile cancer provides good long-term results and preservation of organ's function.Введение. Рак полового члена (РПЧ) — редкая злокачественная опухоль с заболеваемостью 0,1−0,9 на 100 тыс. мужчин в год в развитых странах. Большинство больных обращается к врачам поздно, когда выполнить органосохраняющее лечение невозможно. Органосохраняющие операции ассоциированы с высокой частотой развития местных рецидивов, по сравнению с пенэктомией. Комбинированный метод — оптимальный в лечении больных РПЧ, обеспечивающий хорошие отдаленные результаты и сохранение функции органа.Цель исследования — повышение эффективности лечения больных РПЧ путем выполнения органосохраняющих операций при комбинированном лечении.Материалы и методы. В исследование были включены 72 больных инвазивным РПЧ. В зависимости от вида лечения пациенты были разделены на 2 группы: в 1-й (n = 42) проводили органосохраняющие операции, во 2-й (n = 30) — комбинированное лечение. Хирургическое лечение выполнено всем больным: резекция — 51 больному, циркумцизия — 12, локальное иссечение — 3. Дистанционная лучевая терапия проведена 30 пациентам.Результаты. В 1-й группе рецидивирование отмечено в 52,4 %, во 2-й — в 13,3 % (p &lt; 0,01). Длительность безрецидивного периода была в 4 раза выше в группе комбинированного лечения (71,3 ± 13,4 мес) по сравнению с группой оперативного лечения (17 ± 5,7 мес).Выводы. Комбинированный метод лечения больных инвазивным РПЧ обеспечивает хорошие отдаленные результаты при сохранении функции органа

Watch me grow integrated (WMG-I): protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial of a web-based surveillance approach for developmental screening in primary care settings

Introduction The increasing prevalence of developmental disorders in early childhood poses a significant global health burden. Early detection of developmental problems is vital to ensure timely access to early intervention, and universal developmental surveillance is recommended best practice for identifying issues. Despite this, there is currently considerable variation in developmental surveillance and screening between Australian states and territories and low rates of developmental screening uptake by parents. This study aims to evaluate an innovative web-based developmental surveillance programme and a sustainable approach to referral and care pathways, linking primary care general practice (GP) services that fall under federal policy responsibility and state government-funded child health services. Methods and analysis The proposed study describes a longitudinal cluster randomised controlled trial (c-RCT) comparing a â € Watch Me Grow Integrated' (WMG-I) approach for developmental screening, to Surveillance as Usual (SaU) in GPs. Forty practices will be recruited across New South Wales and Queensland, and randomly allocated into either the (1) WMG-I or (2) SaU group. A cohort of 2000 children will be recruited during their 18-month vaccination visit or opportunistic visit to GP. At the end of the c-RCT, a qualitative study using focus groups/interviews will evaluate parent and practitioner views of the WMG-I programme and inform national and state policy recommendations. Ethics and dissemination The South Western Sydney Local Health District (2020/ETH01625), UNSW Sydney (2020/ETH01625) and University of Queensland (2021/HE000667) Human Research Ethics Committees independently reviewed and approved this study. Findings will be reported to the funding bodies, study institutes and partners; families and peer-reviewed conferences/publications

Chromosome landmarks and autosome-sex chromosome translocations in Rumex hastatulus, a plant with XX/XY1Y2 sex chromosome system

Rumex hastatulus is the North American endemic dioecious plant with heteromorphic sex chromosomes. It is differentiated into two chromosomal races: Texas (T) race characterised by a simple XX/XY sex chromosome system and North Carolina (NC) race with a polymorphic XX/XY1Y2 sex chromosome system. The gross karyotype morphology in NC race resembles the derived type, but chromosomal changes that occurred during its evolution are poorly understood. Our C-banding/DAPI and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) experiments demonstrated that Y chromosomes of both races are enriched in DAPI-positive sequences and that the emergence of polymorphic sex chromosome system was accompanied by the break of ancestral Y chromosome and switch in the localization of 5S rDNA, from autosomes to sex chromosomes (X and Y2). Two contrasting domains were detected within North Carolina Y chromosomes: the older, highly heterochromatinised, inherited from the original Y chromosome and the younger, euchromatic, representing translocated autosomal material. The flow-cytometric DNA estimation showed ∼3.5 % genome downsizing in the North Carolina race. Our results are in contradiction to earlier reports on the lack of heterochromatin within Y chromosomes of this species and enable unambiguous identification of autosomes involved in the autosome-heterosome translocation, providing useful chromosome landmarks for further studies on the karyotype and sex chromosome differentiation in this species