MANIFESTATION OF THE EFFECT OF CRYOSELECTION IN CARP OFFSPRINGS OBTAINED FROM DEFROSTED SPERM SUSPENSION WITH MODIFIED CRYOPROTECTIVE SOLUTIONS

Purpose. The purpose of these studies was to evaluate the effect of the cryoselection of carp sperm of multiple age groups depending on the quality of thawed sperm after modification of the composite cryoprotective medium, which was used for the dilution of native sperm before freezing. Methodology. Coenzyme B12 (cobamamide), blood plasma of Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio), which was subjected to natural cold-acclimation, and purified protein antifreeze tmAFP isolated from larval mealworm (Tenebrio molitor), which also was subjected to natural cold-acclimation, were sued as modifiers. Findings. The results of the study demonstrated that qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the defrosted sperm, results of the incubation, rearing of embryos and larvae of Nyvky scaled carp (NLC), as well as fish culture parameters of produced young-of-the-year depended from on the composition of cryoprotective medium. The best results were demonstrated for the experimental groups, obtained with the use of the cryoprotective solution supplemented with purified antifreeze protein tmAFP. The larvae obtained from the sperm cryopreserved with the addition of cryoprotective medium TmAFP had better resistance to dehydration, surpassing the experimental groups obtained from the modifiers of Prussian carp plasma and cobamamide. There is a consolidation in the action of the related extracellular cryoprotectors, which were isolated from the cold-resistant organisms. And carp produced with their used demonstrated better performance during their rearing. The fact can be established that the manifestation of cryoselective effect depends on the integrity of sperm hereditary material and does not depend on the effect of extremely low temperatures on the cell membranes. Originality. There were the first experiments, where Prussian carp plasma and antifreeze protein tmAFP were used as extracellular cryoprotectors. Practical value. The modifications of composite cryoprotective media with the use of extracellular cryoprotectants and cobamamide examined in this paper can be recommended for the cryopreservation of carp sperm with a goal to create cryobanks of fish genetic resources as well as for their large scale reproduction

SURVIVAL ESTIMATES CARP LARVAE OBTAINED FROM SPERM CRYOPRESERVED IN THE PRESENCE OF CRYOPROTECTANTS DIFFERENT ORIGIN

Наведені результати порівняльного вирощування дослідних груп нивківського лускатого коропа на стадії вільноплаваючих личинок, отриманих від ікри, заплідненої  суспензією сперми і композитних кріозахисних розчинів, до складу яких входили кріопротектори різного походження. В процесі роботи  була використана методика оцінки порівнюваних груп риб за стійкістю до впливу зневоднення як стресового чинника в личинковому віці. Показана можливість використання сперми, кріоконсервованої в присутності кріопротекторів різного походження, у селекції коропа, а також у промисловому рибництві, для масового відтворення. Приведений досвід може бути використаний при виведенні порід коропа з підвищеними продуктивними якостями, життєздатністю і стійкістю до несприятливих умов вирощування.  Приведены результаты сравнительного выращивания опытных групп нивчанского чешуйчатого карпа на стадии свободноплавающих личинок, полученных от икры, оплодотворенной суспензией спермы и композитных криозащитных растворов, в состав которых входили криопротекторы различного происхождения. В процессе работы была использована методика оценки сравниваемых групп рыб по устойчивости к воздействию обезвоживания как стрессового фактора в личиночном возрасте. Показана возможность использования спермы, криоконсервированной в присутствии криопротекторов различного происхождения, в селекции карпа, а также в промышленном рыбоводстве, для массового воспроизведения. Приведенный опыт может быть использован при выводе пород карпа с повышенными продуктивными качествами, жизнеспособностью и устойчивостью к неблагоприятным условиям выращивания.Bringing the results of the comparative growing experimental groups nivchansky common scaly carp at the stage of free-swimming larvae derived from eggs fertilized sperm suspension and composite cryoprotective solutions, which included cryoprotectants different origin. In the process of evaluation method was used comparison groups of fish on the resistance to dehydration as a stress factor in larval instar. The possibility of using semen cryopreserved in the presence of cryoprotectants various origins, carp breeding as well as in fish farming industry for mass reproduction. We have the experience can be used in the derivation of the carp species with high productive quality, viability and resistance to adverse growing conditions. &nbsp

PERMEABILITY OF STERLET SPERM MEMBRANES (ACIPENSER RUTHENUS L., 1758) FOR WATER MOLECULES

Purpose. The literature analysis of the results cryopreservation of different fish species highlights a variation of many parameters, in particular the sperm survival rate during the freezing and unfreezing process. The survival capability of spermatozoa may be called the main parameter, which indentifies the efficiency of the entire process of low temperature freezing of reproductive products. Therefore, the goal of this work was to investigate and find the causes of different degrees of fish sperm cryoimmunity, in particular that of starlet, which is a valuable of sturgeon (Acipenser) species. We also studies the possibility to find the optimum ways to improve the efficiency of the survival rate of the defrosted spermatozoa of different fish species for their further use to produce viable offspring. Methodology. The determination of sterlet sperm membrane permeability was performed after carrying out all necessary manipulations with brood males which included: prespawning incubation, hormonal stimulation, determination of sperm maturity degree, obtaining the sperm by stripping. The measurement of sperm membrane permeability for water molecules was performed based on the technique, which had been used earlier to measure carp sperm permeability, but taking account the specific peculiarities inherent to sterlet sperm. Findings. Based on the performed measurements, we determined the sterlet sperm membrane permeability for water molecules with the use of photometric method. The received experimental data show the highest degree of sterlet sperm membrane permeability for water molecules as compared to carp sperm membrane permeability. Originality. As a result of this experiment, we determined for the first time the absolute value of sterlet sperm membrane permeability for water molecules with the use of photometric method as well as compared the results with those obtained during our work with the carp sperm. Practical value. The data obtained during the experimental studies can be used in the practice of sperm cryopreservation for improving the efficiency of the sperm different of fish species during the process of low temperature freezing especially for such commercially valuable fish species as sturgens

A study of the osmotic sensitivity of pike (Esox lucius, L., 1758) spermatozoa for the optimization of their cryopreservation

Purpose. The study of the osmotic sensitivity of pike (Esox lucius, L., 1758) spermatozoa. Methodology. The osmotic response of pike spermatozoa was investigated by spectrophotometry method based on the kinetics of light transmission of cells suspensions, which were placed in distilled water and 10–200 mOsm/kg solutions of NaCl . Measurements of light transmittance were carried out using photoelectrocolorimeter KF-77 (ZALIMP, Poland), equipped with a magnetic stirrer and thermostatted sample compartment. The coefficient of permeability of spermatozoa plasma membrane for water molecules (Lp) was determine by approximation of the experimental time dependences of the relative volume by solutions of the equations of modified Kedem-Kachalskyi physical-mathematical model of transmembrane mass transport. The activation energy (Еа) of the substances transfer across the cell membrane was calculated taking into account lnLp(1/T) dependencies. Findings. The characteristic time of water penetration is about 40-50s within 100-200 mOsm/kg range (12 °C). Membrane permeability coefficient of pike spermatozoa for water molecules is 5.43 - 1.15 - 10-15 m3/Ns. The decline in coefficient of membrane permeability for water molecules in the range of 25–10 °C is characterized by the activation energy of water transfer, which is 64±5 kJ/mol, that indicates about water molecules penetration into spermatozoa via a passive diffusion through the lipid bilayer. Hypoosmotic resistance of pike spermatozoa, estimated as time before lysis of 50% cells incubated in distilled water, is 70–110 s (12 °C). Developed approaches also can be used as simple and quick tests of the functional state of cell membranes. Originality. The coefficient of plasma membranes permeability of pike spermatozoa and its temperature dependence were defined for the first time. Practical value. The results are used in the design of media and modes of pike sperm cryopreservation

OPTIMIZATION OF THE CONDITIONS OF STERLET (ACIPENSER RUTHENUS, L. 1758) SPERM CRYOPRESERVATION FOR EGG FERTILIZATION IN FISH FARM CONDITIONS

Purpose. To optimize the conditions of sterlet sperm cryopreservation for works on egg fertilization and for producing viable offspring in the conditions of sturgeon farms. To analyze the effect of sperm freezing in different forms on spermatozoa survival and egg fertilization. To compare the results of cryoprotective solutions with compositions on the results of their use of sterlet sperm fertilization and to analyze their effect on the quality of the produced offspring. Methodology. The task aimed at optimizing the conditions of sterlet sperm cryopreservation for egg fertilization in the conditions of fish farms were carried out according to generally accepted methods in cryobiology and recommendations of Ye.F. Kopeika. The works with the produced sterlet offspring were carried out according to conventional sturgeon culture methods. Findings. The studies showed that the optimization of the conditions of sterlet sperm cryopreservation allowed preserving the properties of thawed spermatozoa at the level of native sperm. It was found that the functions of the sperm cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen vapors in granules in solutions with methanol or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were better preserved in granules when using methanol. The functions of the sperm after its freezing in cryopreservation solutions №№ 5 and 6 were evaluated in the conditions of a fish farm. It was found that the fertilizing capacity of the cryopreserved sperm in the solution № 5 (85.6 %) (with lower osmolality) did not virtually differ from the control (87.6 %) when using 25-60 g of eggs. In the cryopreservation solution № 5, this value was 17.6 % lower. The weight and length gain after egg fertilization with the sperm cryopreserved in both solutions in 3-month fish was higher than in the control. Originality. Introduction of creatine and fructose into the cryopreservation solution allowed increasing its protective properties and preserving spermatozoa activity after thawing at the level of the native sperm. Sperm cryopreservation in granules allowed optimizing the conditions of low temperature freezing of this sturgeon species and producing high quality viable offspring. Practical value. The obtained results can be used by sturgeon culturists in the conditions of fish farms for works aimed at producing viable sterlet offspring both for commercial purposes and for restocking into natural water bodies as well as by cryobiologists for works with other fish species

Структурна схема багаточастотного радіометричного комплексу виявлення БПЛА в різних метеорологічних умовах

Проблематика. В Україні та світі набули стрімкого розвитку технології виробництва безпілотних літальних апаратів (БПЛА) різного класу. Малі за масо-габаритними характеристиками та майже невидимі для більшості інформаційно-вимірювальних систем БПЛА стали використовуватись в різних галузях – від народного господарства до мультимедіа та реклами. Разом з корисним їх використанням з’явились нові небезпеки та інциденти – зіткнення БПЛА з людьми, спорудами, пам’ятниками культури, перевезення кримінальних товарів, терористичні акти, польоти над забороненими ділянками та в межах аеропортів. Виявлення БПЛА та контроль їх переміщення у населених пунктів та поблизу критичних об’єктів стає однією з найважливіших задач служб контролю руху повітряним простором. Існуючі системи оптичного, акустичного та радіолокаційного діапазонів не спроможні ефективно виконувати такі задачі в складних метеорологічних умовах. У якості доповнення до вже розвинутих систем виявлення пропонується використовувати радіометричні системи, що реєструють власне радіотеплове випромінювання БПЛА. Авторами були розроблені теоретичні основи побудови багаточастотних комплексів, необхідні для конкретизації їх структурних схем. Мета досліджень. Розробка схеми багаточастотного радіометричного комплексу виявлення БПЛА в різних метеорологічних умовах на основі оптимальних алгоритмів. Методика реалізації. Аналіз досвіду розробки радіометричних систем та методів боротьби з флуктуаціями коефіцієнту підсилення приймачів, оптимальні операції обробки сигналів власного радіотеплового випромінювання, дослідження ймовірнісних характеристик виявлення та аналіз вітчизняного ринку розробників НВЧ техніки дозволять розробити схему багаточастотного радіометричного комплексу, що виконуватиме надійні вимірювання в різних метеорологічних умовах. Результати досліджень. Запропоновано структурну схему чотирьохчастотного радіометричного комплексу, що може бути реалізований на практиці та здатний виконувати надійні вимірювання в різних метеорологічних умовах. У якості резонансних частот налаштування радіометричних приймачів були обрані частоти 10 ГГц, 20 ГГц, 35 ГГц і 94 ГГц. Для заданої конструкції та характеристик приймачів розраховані ймовірності виявлення БПЛА в залежності від дальності його польоту. Висновки. З результатів аналізу існуючих досягнень розвитку радіометричних систем в Україні та наявної на ринку елементної бази мікрохвильових компонентів випливає, що діапазон Ku та K має найгірші характеристики просторової роздільної здатності, але є всепогодними. Діапазони Ka і W мають високу чутливість до радіотеплового випромінювання на тлі ясного неба, але вони повністю «сліпі» при хмарній атмосфері та в дощ. Результати розрахунку відстаней виявлення з імовірністю 0,9 лежать у діапазоні від 1 до 3 кілометрів в залежності від стану атмосфери. Ці результати збігаються з відомими дальностями виявлення оптичних, акустичних та радіолокаційних систем, але при цьому обрані параметри приймачів не відповідають потенційним світовим досягненням і можуть бути покращені.Background. Technologies for the production of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) of various classes are rapidly developing in Ukraine and the world. Small in terms of weight and dimensions and almost invisible for most information and measurement systems, UAVs began to be used in various industries - from the national economy to multimedia and advertising. Together with their useful application, new dangers and incidents have appeared - a collision of UAVs with people, structures, cultural monuments, the transportation of criminal goods, terrorist acts, flights over prohibited areas and within airports. UAV detection and control of their movement in populated areas and near critical objects are becoming one of the most important tasks of air traffic control services. The existing systems of the optical, acoustic and radar ranges cannot effectively perform such tasks in difficult meteorological conditions. As an addition to the already developed detection systems, it is proposed to use radiometric systems that register the UAV's own radio-thermal radiation. The authors have developed the theoretical foundations for the construction of multifrequency complexes necessary for the specification of their structural schemes. Objective. The purpose of the paper is development of a scheme for a multi-frequency radiometric complex for detecting UAVs in different meteorological conditions based on optimal algorithms. Methods. Analysis of the experience in the development of radiometric systems and methods for dealing with fluctuations in the gain of receivers, optimal operations for processing signals of intrinsic radio-thermal radiation, investigations of the probabilistic characteristics of detection and analysis of the domestic market of microwave technology developers will make it possible to develop a scheme of a multifrequency radiometric complex that will perform reliable measurements in various meteorological conditions. Results. A block diagram of a four-frequency radiometric complex is proposed, which can be implemented in practice and is capable of performing reliable measurements in various meteorological conditions. The frequencies 10 GHz, 20 GHz, 35 GHz, and 94 GHz were chosen as the resonant frequencies for tuning the radiometric receivers. For a given design and characteristics of receivers, the probabilities of detecting a UAV were calculated depending on the range of its flight. Conclusions. From the results of the analysis of the existing achievements in the development of radiometric systems in Ukraine and the elemental base of microwave components available on the market, it follows that the Ku and K bands have the worst characteristics of spatial resolution, but are all-weather. The Ka and W bands are highly sensitive to radio-thermal radiation against the background of a clear sky, but are completely "blind" in a cloudy atmosphere and in rain. The results of calculating the detection ranges with a probability of 0.9 lie in the range from 1 to 3 km, depending on the condition of the atmosphere. These results coincide with the known detection ranges of optical, acoustic and radar systems, but the selected parameters of the receivers do not correspond to potential world achievements and can be improved