150 research outputs found
Dust extinction and absorption: the challenge of porous grains
In many models of dusty objects in space the grains are assumed to be
composite or fluffy. However, the computation of the optical properties of such
particles is still a very difficult problem. We analyze how the increase of
grain porosity influences basic features of cosmic dust -- interstellar
extinction, dust temperature, infrared bands and millimeter opacity. Porous
grains can reproduce the flat extinction across the 3 - 8 \mkm wavelength
range measured for several lines of sight by {\it ISO} and {\it Spitzer}.
Porous grains are generally cooler than compact grains. At the same time, the
temperature of very porous grains becomes slightly larger in the case of the
EMT-Mie calculations in comparison with the results found from the
layered-sphere model. The layered-sphere model predicts a broadening of
infrared bands and a shift of the peak position to larger wavelengths as
porosity grows. In the case of the EMT-Mie model variations of the feature
profile are less significant. It is also shown that the millimeter mass
absorption coefficients grow as porosity increases with a faster growth
occurring for particles with Rayleigh/non-Rayleigh inclusions. As a result, for
very porous particles the coefficients given by two models can differ by a
factor of about 3.
It is found that an increase of porosity leads to an increase of extinction
cross sections at some wavelengths and a decrease at others depending on the
grain model. However, this behaviour is sufficient to reproduce the extinction
curve in the direction of the star Sco using current solar abundances.
In the case of the star Oph our model requires larger amounts of carbon
and iron in the dust-phase than is available.Comment: Astronomy and Astrophysics (accepted; 11 pages, 11 figures
ΠΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π»ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ°ΠΌ COMT Val158Met ΠΈ MAOA -uVNTR Π² ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π΅Π²ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊ
In recent years, much research on psychological features of carriers of different genes has been done. Studying the role of combinations of various genes in the formation of personal traits is the next step in the understanding of the specificity of the influence of genes on personality traits. The MAOA and COMT genes of the monoaminergic system are the subject of research of psychologists because of their impact on the duration of stay of neurotransmitters-monoamines in the synaptic space, and hence their potential impact on the duration and intensity of emotional reactions. Taking into account the constancy of this influence the authors assumed that these genes could be associated with stable personality characteristics, which was confirmed by not numerous scientific studies.The paper presents the results of the study, which involved 115 girls at the age from 18 to 30. The procedure of genotyping with the discrimination of polymorphic loci of MAOA -uVNTR and COMT Val158Met was the first stage of the experiment. The psychodiagnostic stage included the study of personality traits of the participants: the level of aggression, types of legitimized aggression, types of behavior in the conflict, formal and dynamic properties of individuality, and tendency to various forms of deviant behavior. The results of the study enabled to make psychological portraits of carriers of various combinations of genes. The carriers of the combination of the high-activity forms of the studied genes had the sanguine temperament, high aggression, intellectual speed, and flexibility. The carriers of the combination of the MAOA M heterozygous genotype and the low-activity genotype of AA COMT had the melancholic temperament, low level of aggression, intellectual speed, and flexibility. In the present study the authors made the assumption that the COMT A allele was associated with the tendency to suppression of aggression; the COMT G allele was probably associated with the preference for open forms of aggressive behavior and a high level of general activity. The COMT heterozygous genotype was associated with a low level of aggression; the MAOA L genotype was associated with a high level of aggression.ΠΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. Π‘Π»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΠΌ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³Π΅Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π½Π° Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ
. ΠΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ MAOA ΠΈ COMT ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° Π΄Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ²-ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π΅, Π° Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡ β ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ. ΠΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ Π²ΠΎ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ, ΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π³Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΈ Ρ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡ
.Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ 115 Π΄Π΅Π²ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊ Π² Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ 18β30 Π»Π΅Ρ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ° Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π»ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ² Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ² MAOA -uVNTR ΠΈ COMT Val158Met. ΠΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π» Π² ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ: ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ Π°Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π»Π΅Π³ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π°Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ»ΠΈΠΊΡΠ΅, ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ² ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΠΌ Π΄Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ.ΠΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ². ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΡΠΌ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ
Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π½Π³Π²ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΈΠΏ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°, Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΡΡ Π°Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ. ΠΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π³Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΠ° MAOA M Ρ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠΌ AA COMT ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π»Π°Π½Ρ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ Π°Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. Π ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ± Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π°Π»Π»Π΅Π»Ρ Π Π³Π΅Π½Π° COMT ΡΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ, Π² ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π°Π»Π»Π΅Π»Ρ G COMT, Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ Ρ Π΄Π΅Π²ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊ Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΡ
ΡΠΎΡΠΌ Π°Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏ COMT Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ Ρ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ΠΌ Π°Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π° Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏ MAOA L β Ρ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΌ
Low-frequency dynamics of disordered XY spin chains and pinned density waves: from localized spin waves to soliton tunneling
A long-standing problem of the low-energy dynamics of a disordered XY spin
chain is re-examined. The case of a rigid chain is studied where the quantum
effects can be treated quasiclassically. It is shown that as the frequency
decreases, the relevant excitations change from localized spin waves to
two-level systems to soliton-antisoliton pairs. The linear-response correlation
functions are calculated. The results apply to other periodic glassy systems
such as pinned density waves, planar vortex lattices, stripes, and disordered
Luttinger liquids.Comment: (v2) Major improvements in presentation style. One figure added (v3)
Another minor chang
Mechanistic aspects of reactions of triphenylphosphine with electron-deficient alkenes in acetic acid solution
Kinetic data provide evidence that proton transfer to the carbanion centre of a phosphonium zwitterion is the rate-determining step in quarternization reactions of triphenylphosphine with electron-deficient alkenes in acetic acid solution. This conclusion is based on the third-order rate equation, the reactivity of the alkenes, and solvent isotope effects in deuteroacetic acid. Copyright Β© 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
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