Sand Accretion And Its Effects On The Distribution And Ecophysiology Of Dune Plants

The effects of sand accretion on the lacustrine sand dune vegetation of Lakes Huron and Erie were studied. The tolerance and response to burial in sand of several dune species, namely, Ammophila breviligulata, Adropogon scoparious, Agropyron psammophilum, Artemisia campestris, Calamovilfa longifolia, Cakile edentula, Cirsium pitcheri, Corispermum hyssopifolium, Elymus canadensis, Equisetum arvense, Euphorbia polygonifolia, Lithospermum caroliniense, Melilotus alba, Oenothera biennis, Panicum virgatum, Poa compressa, Strophostyles helvola, Tusilago farfara, Populas balsamifera and Xanthium strumarium were examined under controlled (greenhouse and growth chamber) and natural (field) conditions. This study clearly showed that the amount of sand deposition was variable in different microsites and depended on the amount of sand brought up by the waves, the wind velocity, the distance from the lake, type of vegetation, and the time of year. The distribution of plants in the dunes was correlated with the extent of sand accretion and tolerance limits of species. For example, Ammophila breviligulata was present in areas where there was more than 50 cm of sand movement (erosion and accretion) in two growing seasons. Simulated burial experiments in the field showed that although there were significant differences between species in their tolerance limits, all dune species exhibited stimulation of the net CO{dollar}\sb2{dollar} uptake, leaf area, and biomass per plant at varying levels of burial in sand. The positive effects of burial were much more pronounced in the perennials, Agropyron psammophilum and Panicum virgatum, than in the annuals or biennials. Similar stimulation in growth following burial was also observed under controlled greenhouse and growth chamber conditions in all the species investigated. For example, in the greenhouse burial experiment Elymus canadensis plants buried to one third of their height had a CO{dollar}\sb2{dollar} exchange rate of 28 {dollar}\mu{dollar}mol m{dollar}\sp{lcub}-2{rcub}{dollar} s{dollar}\sp{lcub}-1{rcub}{dollar} as compared to 18 {dollar}\mu{dollar}mol m{dollar}\sp{lcub}-2{rcub}{dollar} s{dollar}\sp{lcub}-1{rcub}{dollar} for control plants. There were marked differences between species in their response to the different depths of burial and the length of time after the burial treatment. Light intensities and temperature regimes also made significant differences in the carbon dioxide exchange rate under growth chamber conditions. Another well recognized aspect in plant communities is the occurrence of mutualistic association with soil fungi to form mycorrhizae. A field survey of the dune plant community along Lake Erie, revealed that a large majority of plant species were colonized by vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VA-Mycorrhizae) fungi. With the exception of Equisetum arvense all 11 species had variable percentages of vesicular, arbuscular and hyphal colonization. Greenhouse experiments showed that although VA-Mycorrhizae enhanced the morphological and physiological responses in dune plants, there were not solely responsible for the enhanced growth exhibited by buried plants. Agropyron psammophilum had a CER value of 15 {dollar}\mu{dollar}mol m{dollar}\sp{lcub}-2{rcub}{dollar} s{dollar}\sp{lcub}-1{rcub}{dollar} for unburied plants containing VA-Mycorrhizae and 18 {dollar}\mu{dollar}mol m{dollar}\sp{lcub}-2{rcub}{dollar} s{dollar}\sp{lcub}-1{rcub}{dollar} for VA-Mycorrhizae-free plants that were buried and 25 {dollar}\mu{dollar}mol m{dollar}\sp{lcub}-2{rcub}{dollar} s{dollar}\sp{lcub}-1{rcub}{dollar} for buried VA-Mycorrhizae containing plants

An Enhanced Cluster based Multi-hop Routing Technique in Wireless Sensor Network Using AODV Protocol

Wireless Sensor Network is one of main extent in physical environmental inquiry. The Cluster based multi-hop routing for the capable network to improve the life time data transmission and energy saving for the network progress. In this Research paper based on Flat Multi-Hop Routing Technique is used to LEACH protocol using reduced overall network power utilization. Hierarchical Multi-hop routing Technique is one of the methods using M-LEACH protocol, while using this method user is able to get the large number of data and packet losses also reduced. Hybrid multi-hop routing Technique using PEACH protocol used by the users are able to get Energy saving is high. My Research contribution going to Enhanced Hybrid Multi-hop Routing(EHYMN) for improve the data transmission with less time , reduced the packet losses and also minimum power utilization for this Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol is used for the implementation in network simulation tool 2.34 version for get a good Results

In vivo Evaluation of Amoxicillin Trihydrate and Clarithromycin-Loaded Mucoadhesive Microspheres for H. pylori Eradication

Purpose: To evaluate in vivo H. pylori clearance efficacy of formulated mucoadhesive microspheres of amoxicillin trihydrate and clarithromycin.Methods: Amoxicillin trihydrate and clarithromycin mucoadhesive microspheres were prepared by solvent evaporation method using Carbopol 974P, HPMC K4M and Eudragit RS 100. In vivo clearance efficacy of the microspheres was evaluated in a Wistar rat model after induction of H. pylori infection. Amoxicillin and clarithromycin-loaded microspheres were administered twice daily for three days. H. Pylori clearance was evaluated by assessing colony count.Results: Treatment with plain drug solution (90 mg/kg amoxicillin and 45 mg/kg clarithromycin) resulted in a colony count of log 1.25 ± 0.56 CFU and clearance rate of 60 %, while mucoadhesive microspheres-loaded dose of 45 mg/kg amoxicillin and 22.5 mg/kg clarithromycin resulted in complete (100 %) eradication of H. pylori infection.Conclusion: The developed mucoadhesive amoxicillin/clarithromycin microspheres can potentially be used to effectively eradicate H. pylori infection.Keywords: Amoxicillin, Carbopol, Clarithromycin, H. pylori, Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, Microspheres, Mucoadhesiv

Novel Localization of Sensor Nodes in Wireless Sensor Networks using Co-Ordinate Signal Strength Database

AbstractThe objective of the proposed system is to remove the dependency of radio irregularity problem in localization of static nodes in wireless sensor networks. Most of the existing range free localization algorithms are mainly suffered by the radio irregularity problem. The value of the degree of irregularity always affects the accuracy of the localization performance. The idea of this work is to calculate the location of sensor nodes using co-ordinate signal strength database. In wireless sensor networks, each flying anchor node will be equipped with a GPS receiver. The flying node calculates its position, which is transmitted as a beacon message to the sensor nodes. Upon reception of the beacon messages, each static node calculates its location using the ‘Sensor Position based on Co-ordinate Signal Strength Database’ (SP-CSSD) algorithm. The proposed idea increases the accuracy of the localization algorithm with minimal computational overhead and computational time

Identification and phylogenetic analysis of filamentous Cyanobacteria using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprinting

RAPD techniques were used for the detection of genetic heterogeneticity among the axenic culture of fresh water cyanobacterial isolates. The electrophoretic patterns for 12 cyanobacterial strainsbelonging to 2 genera (8 Oscillatoria strains and 4 Lyngbya strains) were used for molecular analysis using the RAPD technique. A total of 12 cyanobacterial isolates were selected and mass cultured inBG11 medium. Genomic DNA was extracted from fresh water cyanobacterial isolates and was amplified using primers D7, M13, OPC11, OPC12, OPC13, OPC14 and OPC15 and distinct PCR fingerprint were generated. Unique banding patterns were observed from all tested cyanobacterial species and their molecular weights of each band were used to calculate their genetic distance among them. Random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was carried out for the phylogenetic characterization of these strains. RAPD fingerprinting results clearly showed the genetic variation among the cyanobacterial isolates

Intelligent UAV-Assisted Localisation to Conserve Battery Energy in Military Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are extensively used in military applications for border area monitoring, battle-field surveillance, tracking enemy troops, where the sensor nodes run on battery power. Localisation of sensor nodes is extremely important to identify the location of event in military applications for further actions. Existing localisation algorithms consume more energy by heavy computation and communication overheads. The objective of the proposed research is to increase the lifetime of the military sensor networks by reducing the power consumption in each sensor node during localisation. For the state-of-the-art, we propose a novel intelligent unmanned aerial vehicle anchor node (IUAN) with an intelligent arc selection (IAS)-based centralised localisation algorithm, which removes computation cost and reduces communication cost at every sensor node. The IUAN collects the signal strength, distance data from sensor nodes and the central control station (CCS) computes the position of sensor nodes using IAS algorithm. Our approach significantly removes computation cost and reduces communication cost at each sensor node during localisation, thereby radically extends the lifetime and localisation coverage of the military sensor networks.Science Journal, Vol. 64, No. 6, November 2014, pp.557-563, DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.64.529

Teaching in the time of COVID-19: Shared perspectives from South Africa and the USA

In line with keeping people safe, social distancing has become a civilised norm across the world. Compulsory lockdowns have meant that universities closed their doors to students and staff, thus causing widespread disruption across the higher-education landscape. Pharmacy education is no exception. As pharmacy educators from institutions in different countries, with an existing partnership, we have identified common challenges between our different educational environments and have benefited from sharing possible solutions

Synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of new mixed-metal, mixed-chalcogenide clusters [Fe<SUB>2</SUB>W(CO)<SUB>10</SUB>(μ<SUP>3</SUP>-Se)(μ<SUP>3</SUP>-E)](E = Te or S). Structures of [Fe<SUB>2</SUB>M(CO)<SUB>10</SUB>(μ<SUP>3</SUP>-Se)(μ<SUP>3</SUP>-E)](M = W, E = Se or Te; M = Mo, E = Se)

The room-temperature reaction of [Fe2(CO)6(μ-SeTe)] and [Fe2(CO)6(μ-SSe)] with freshly prepared [W(CO)5(thf)](thf = tetrahydrofuran) yielded the new mixed-metal, mixed-chalcogenide clusters [Fe2W(CO)10(μ3-Se)(μ3-E)](E = Te 1 or S 2). Compounds 1 and 2 were characterized by IR and 13C, 77Se and 125Te NMR spectroscopy. The crystal structure of 1 was elucidated by X-ray diffraction methods. The previously reported compounds [Fe2W(CO)10(μ3-Se)2]3 and [Fe2Mo(CO)10(μ3-Se)2]4 were further characterized by 77Se NMR spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray analysis. Clusters 1, 3 and 4 are isostructural and isomorphous (in the solid state). The structure consists of square-pyramidal Fe2WSeTe, Fe2WSe2 and Fe2MoSe2 cores respectively, and in each case the heterometal atom (W for 1 and 3 and Mo for 4) occupies the apical site

SYNTHESIS AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF NOVEL 2-ARYL SUBSTITUTED BENZOTHIAZOLE DERIVATIVES

Objective: A series of 2-aryl substituted benzothiazole was designed and synthesized with various substituted benzoic acid. 2-mercaptobenzothiazole and thionyl chloride also used to get carbothiaote. The present study was carried to assess the pharmacological potential towards antioxidant activity of 2-aryl substituted benzothiazole derivatives. Methods: The antioxidant activity of the synthesized compounds was evaluated by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and superoxide radical scavenging assay methods. Results: Compounds showed significant radical scavenging potential due to the presence of electron donating substituent. Conclusion: These indicate that benzothiazole derivatives showed the defence mechanism to prevent formation of excess free radicals