Alternative briquette material made from palm stem biomass mediated by glycerol crude of biodiesel byproducts as a natural adhesive

© 2020 by the authors. Recently, the global population has increased sharply, unfortunately, the availability of fossil fuel resources has significantly decreased. This phenomenon has become an attractive issue for many researchers in the world so that various studies in the context of finding renewable energy are developing continuously. Relating to this challenge, this research has been part of scientific work in the context of preparing an energy briquette employing palm oil stems and glycerol crude of biodiesel byproducts as inexpensive and green materials easily found in the Riau province, Indonesia. Technically, the palm oil stems are used for the production of charcoal particles and the glycerol crude as an adhesive compound in the production of energy briquettes. The heating value of palm oil stem is 17,180 kJ/kg, which can be increased to an even higher value through a carbonization process followed by a densification process so that it can be used as a potential matrix to produce energy briquettes. In detail, this study was designed to find out several parameters including the eect of sieve sizes consisting of 60, 80, and 100 mesh, respectively, which are used for the preparation of charcoal particles as the main matrix for the manufacture of the briquettes; the eect of charcoal-adhesive ratios (wt) of 60:40, 70:30, and 80:20; and the eect of varied pressures of 100, 110, and 120 kg/cm2 on the briquette quality. The quality of the obtained briquettes is analyzed through the observation of important properties which involve the heating value and the compressive strength using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The results showed that the produced briquettes had an optimum heating value of 30,670 kJ/kg, while their loaded charcoal particles resulted from the mesh sieve of 80, in which there was a charcoal loading of 53 g and it pressed at 93.1821 bar, whereas, the compressive strength value of the briquette was 100,608 kg/cm2, which loaded charcoal particles from the mesh sieve of 100, the charcoal-adhesive ratio of 53:47 (wt) and the pressure of 93.1821 bar

Policies to Regulate Distributed Data Exchange

This research is partially sponsored by the EPSRC grant EP/P011829/1, funded under the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Council Human Dimensions of Cyber Security call (2016).Postprin

Scratchpad allocation for concurrent embedded software

10.1145/1734206.1734210ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems324ATPS

Scratchpad allocation for concurrent embedded software

10.1145/1450135.1450145Embedded Systems Week 2008 - Proceedings of the 6th IEEE/ACM/IFIP International Conference on Hardware/Software Codesign and System Synthesis, CODES+ISSS 200837-4

Integrated scratchpad memory optimization and task scheduling for MPSoC architectures

10.1145/1176760.1176809CASES 2006: International Conference on Compilers, Architecture and Synthesis for Embedded Systems401-41

Exploiting branch constraints without exhaustive path enumeration

OpenAccess Series in Informatics146-4

Heuristic search with reachability tests for automated generation of test programs

Proceedings - 19th International Conference on Automated Software Engineering, ASE 2004282-28

WCET centric data allocation to scratchpad memory

10.1109/RTSS.2005.45Proceedings - Real-Time Systems Symposium-PRSY