Percutaneous tracheostomy-beware of the thyroidea-ima artery

Percutaneous tracheostomy is a minimally invasive operation performed in patients, in order to provide an air passage through the windpipe. A rare cause of severe bleeding during such operation is the injury of the thyroidea-ima artery. This case report presents a patient with hemorrhage after thyroidea-ima injury during percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy. Surgeons should always be aware of such anatomic variation, in order to prevent urgent sternotomy

Prevalence of HPV infection among Greek women attending a gynecological outpatient clinic

Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a causative factor for cervical cancer. Early detection of high risk HPV types might help to identify women at high risk of cervical cancer. The aim of the present study was to examine the HPV prevalence and distribution in cervical smears in a sample of Greek women attending a gynecological outpatient clinic and to explore the determinants of the infection.Methods: A total of 225 women were studied. All women underwent a regular gynecological control. 35 HPV types were studied; 6, 11, 16, 18, 26, 31, 33, 35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 62, 66, 68, 70, 71, 72, 73, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85 and 89. Also, basic demographic information, sociodemographic characteristics and sexual behavior were recorded.Results: HPV was detected in 22.7% of the study population. The percentage of the newly diagnosed women with HPV infection was 17.3%. HPV-16 was the most common type detected (5.3%) followed by HPV-53 (4.9%). 66.2% of the study participants had a Pap test during the last year without any abnormalities. HPV infection was related positively with alcohol consumption (OR: 2.19, 95% CI: 1.04-4.63, P = 0.04) and number of sexual partners (OR: 2.16, 95% CI: 1.44-3.25, P < 0.001), and negatively with age (OR: 0.93, 95% CI: 0.87-0.99, P = 0.03), and monthly income (OR: 0.63, 95% CI: 0.44-0.89, P = 0.01).Conclusion: The prevalence of HPV in women attending an outpatient clinic is high. Number of sexual partners and alcohol consumption were the most significant risk factors for HPV infection, followed by young age and lower income

The fluorescent dye 3,3'-dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide, Di0C6(3), selectively stains the midpiece and apical region of the heads of murid rodent spermatozoa

Fluorescence microscopy of caudal epididymal spermatozoa stained with 3, 3′ dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide (DiOC6(3)) showed intense fluorescence along the concave surface of the apical hook of spermatozoa of Rattus species and along the upper concave margin of the sperm head in Mus musculus In the spermatozoa of Hydromys chrysogaster, Melomys cervinipes, and Pseudomys australis, the two ventral processes also fluoresced brightly. In P. australis, fluorescence in the apical hook of sperm heads was largely localized to its upper and lower surfaces. The sperm of N. alexis did not show consistent positive fluorescence. The localization of fluorescence in these spermatozoa after staining with DiOC6(3) was mainly restricted to regions where a large accumulation of perinuclear theca material lies beneath the plasmalemma. The reason for this remains to be determined, but DiOC6(3) may be useful for quickly demonstrating areas of abundant perinuclear thecal material in sperm heads of eutherian mammals by light microscopy.W. G. Breed and V. Sarafi

Two pinhole superresolution using spatial filters

1D imaging properties of a reflecting confocal scanning microscope equipped with a superresolving mask are compared to the corresponding free-pupil instrument in the context of subtractive coherent imaging. Enhanced images are obtained that are shown to be not degraded by the losses caused by the filter

Two point resolution in incoherent imaging

The formalism for incoherent imaging of two points separated by the Sparrow criterion is investigated in two and three dimensions. Two and three dimensional imaging enables us to distinguish between a single point object and a two point object better than from the one dimensional information. Projections of the two point object, performed by integrating along the axial direction, are shown to improve the observed resolution especially for low NA non confocal systems. There are however a number of different objects, whose images are shown to be virtually indistinguishable. Therefore, resolution measures should only be used in the presence of knowledge about the class of objects being imaged

THE PHYLOGENETIC SIGNIFICANCE OF SPERMATOZOAL MORPHOLOGY AND MALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT ANATOMY IN AUSTRALIAN RODENTS

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