Qualifcation of Harmful Use of Information and Communications Technologies under International Law: In Search of a Consensus

INTRODUCTION. States are seized with the question of how International Law norms should be applicable with respect to harmful use of information and communications technologies (hereinafer – ICT) in many different collective formats. Against this background, an intensive disclosure of the states' positions is a brand new trend. So, managerialism is slowly giving way to consensualism, however, do these collective and individual efforts help to clarify, at least, the key problems connected with the qualifcation of these harmful practices?MATERIALS AND METHODS. Being based on the analysis of the reports of the UN Group of Governmental Experts and the Open-Ended Working Group, as well as the ofcial positions articulated by states, this article seeks to reveal on which questions and in which volume states have managed to achieve a consensus on the qualifcation of harmful cyber activities under International Law. Tis question is crucial for the identifcation of the subsequent practice in the application of international treaties which establishes the agreement of the parties regarding their interpretation, as well as the practice and opinio juris as elements of international customs.RESEARCH RESULTS. Te research confrmed that the principle of non-intervention into domestic affairs, albeit its full applicability in cyber context is not being questioned by the states, has a very limited significance for the qualifcation of the harmful use of ICTs, which brings to the forefront the principle of sovereignty. However, the states' ofcial positions, based on a denial or, vise versa, an afrmation of this principle as a separate rule, postulate the impossibility to apply the principle of sovereignty without concretization of its content in the cyber context. Te polyphony of the approaches does not foreshadow a possibility to reach consensus on this issue in the nearest future. With respect to the jus ad bellum and jus in bello norms, the readiness of the majority of states to qualify the cases of harmful use of ICTs as a 'use of force' or even an 'armed attack', and to overstretch the scope of the International Humanitarian Law notions of an 'attack' or 'military operation', is described as being indicative of the abuse of the 'military paradigm' to assess these activities. Approaches of some states go beyond the normative scope of these notions so far that their assertion loses legal signifcance and seems to have rather a political character by primarily fulflling the deterrent function.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. Te article concludes by diagnosing that a consensus between states on the application of International law to harmful ICT practices has been reached at a very high level of abstraction and hardly transcends the limits of the general acknowledgment of the applicability of International law in the cybersphere. Tis fact enshrines the indeterminacy as the main feature of the qualifcation of harmful use of ICTs under International law and renders almost every stance on nuances of the application of International law to these acts to be an ad hoc one

Congenital and Acquired Interferonopathies: Differentiated Approaches to Interferon Therapy

This chapter reviews various interferon (IFN) system disturbances—interferonopathies. The authors describe clinical specifics of type I interferonopathy associated with overexpression of IFNα—which is a rare Mendelian genetic disease. Certain autoimmune diseases (systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), vasculitis, immune dysregulation syndrome, etc.) are also characterized by overproduction of IFNα. Furthermore the most common interferonopathies are described—deficiencies of IFN, congenital or acquired IFNα/IFNβ and IFNγ deficiencies in children and adults. Deficiency of IFNα/IFNβ associated with severe recurrent viral infections and deficiency of IFNγ cause mycobacterial infection. Interferon-corrective therapy methods are described. The target therapy of type I interferonopathies (biologics) binds IFNα and normalizes the high level of IFNα. From the other side, patients with congenital IFNα deficiencies are needed in replacement IFN therapy. In case of acquired IFNα deficiency, the differentiated interferon-corrective therapy is performed. In both replacement and interferon-corrective therapies, recombinant human IFNα2b in complex with antioxidants (Viferon®) can be used, because their application is safe and has good clinical efficiency and no side effects

Remodeling of Phenotype CD16 + CD11b + Neutrophilic Granulocytes in Acute Viral and Acute Bacterial Infections

Neutrophilic granulocytes (NGs) are very important cells of innate immunity that can very quickly realize antibacterial and antiviral defense. Until the present time, the phenomenon of different levels of presentations of membrane receptors CD16 and CD11b NG in normal and pathological conditions wasn’t studied. We had studied the population of CD16+CD11b+NG in two groups of patients with acute viral and acute bacterial infections in the models of acute bacterial tonsillitis (ABT) and acute viral tonsillitis-EBV infection (AEBVI), having the same clinical symptoms in early stages of the disease. Comparative analysis of the redistribution of equipment intensity of CD16 and CD11b has detected three subpopulations of CD16+CD11b+NG population—CD16brightCD11bbright, CD16brightCD11bdim, and CD16dimCD11bbright—in normal and pathological conditions. It was found that subpopulation CD16brightCD11bdimNG dominates in healthy individuals; subpopulation CD16brightCD11bbrightNG dominates in patients with acute viral infection; subpopulation CD16dimCD11bbrightNG dominates in patients with acute bacterial infections. We had demonstrated that the study of CD16+CD11b+NG subpopulations allows in early stage of diseases to diagnose acute viral and acute bacterial infections. Our studies have demonstrated the positive effects of eukaryotic DNA sodium salt on the negatively altered phenotype subpopulation CD16+CD11b+NG, in particular, through the remodeling of the expression of CD11b on NG membrane

Влияние Магнитного Поля На Реологические Свойства Растворов Эфиров Целлюлозы

The rheological properties, structure and phase transitions of hydroxypropyl cellulose in ethanol, dimethyl sulfoxide, ethylene glycol solutions and ethylcellulose in dimethylformamide so-lutions are studied using viscometry, the cloud-point method, polarization microscopy, the optical interferometry and a polarization photoelectric apparatus in the temperature range 280-360 K. The temperature-concentration regions of isotropic and anisotropic phases are determined for all sys-tems. The type of boundary curves of phase diagrams is compared with the chemical structure of macromolecules. It is shown that the constant magnetic field (3.6 kOe) leads to the orientation of macromolecules in solutions. The domain structure arising in solutions is fixed after evaporation of a solvent and shown in orientation of strips of the film relief. It was found that the flow curves of all solutions at 298 K in the range of shear rates from 0 to 15 s-1 are typically for the non-Newtonian liquids. It was found that the magnetic field leads to an increase in the viscosity of isotropic solutions and a decrease in the viscosity of anisotropic solutions. Both effects depend on the direction of the magnetic field lines. When the rotor-rotation axis is parallel to the direction of power lines of the magnetic field the change in the viscosity of solutions is greater than that at perpendicular orientation of the rotor-rotation axis and power lines of the magnetic field. The re-sults are discussed using representations about the changes in the macromolecule conformation and in the size and shape of the supramolecular particles in the solutions during flow under a magnetic field with different orientation of the power lines © 2021, ChemChemTech. All Rights Reserved

REMODELING OF THE TRANSFORMED PHENOTYPE OF CD16+CD32+CD11b+ NEUTROPHILIC GRANULOCYTES OF PATIENTS WITH ATYPICAL CHRONIC BACTERIAL INFECTION IN VITRO

The research has shown that the functional state of neutrophilic granulocytes (NG) is determined by the state of NG subpopulation phenotype composition in evaluating the simultaneous expression of CD16, CD32, CD11b membrane markers with considering the density of expressed molecules. The change in NG subpopulations phenotype indicates active or defective inclusion of NG in the immune response in inflammation. Various inducers of endo- and exogenous nature activate NG and promote translocation from cytoplasmic granules and vesicles or expression to the surface cytoplasmic membrane of receptor molecules. In this regard, our interest was in studying the expression peculiarities of CD16, CD32, CD11b NG receptors in patients with atypically occurring bacterial infections (chronic sinusitis) and the possibility of remodeling the NG phenotype under the influence of glucosaminylmuramyl dipeptide (GMDP) and IFNγ in vitro. Subjects of this study were blood samples of patients with chronic sinusitis and conditionally healthy individuals. Flow rate cytometry at CYTOMICS FC500 (Beckman Coulter, USA) was used to evaluate the % NGs expressing CD16, CD32, CD11b, and the fluorescence intensity of these molecules (MFI) before and after incubation with the test substances. Flow cytometry (CYTOMICS FC500, Beckman Coulter, USA) were used to evaluate amount (%) of NGs expressing CD16, CD32, CD11b and mean fluorescence intensity of these molecules (MFI) before and after incubation with the test substances. The studies showed that in patients with chronic sinusitis with persistent recurrent course the presence is characterized by transformed phenotype CD16dimCD32midCD11bbr of CD16+CD32+CD11b+NG subpopulation. We have shown that the revealed changes in the level of expression of trigger membrane receptors do not allow NG to fully engage in inflammatory process and to realize its effector and regulatory functions. Under the influence of GMDP and IFNγ regulatory molecules was demonstrated high mobilization capacity of the studied NGs for functionally significant membrane receptors in realization of various functions

Names of Yuletide Mummers in the Russian Subdialects of Perm Krai

Поступила в редакцию: 01.09.2023. Принята к печати: 24.10.2023.Submitted: 01.09.2023. Accepted: 24.10.2023.В статье рассматриваются основные группы номинаций, обозначающих ряженых в русских говорах Пермского края. Цель исследования — описать семантические группы таких терминов, связанных с различными идеями ряжения: обрядовым переодеванием, атрибутами и способами ряжения, мифологическими представлениями, календарным временем; продемонстрировать географическое распределение единиц этих групп по территории региона. Источниками исследования послужили полевые материалы, собранные под руководством А. В. Черных в различных районах Пермского края, данные пермских диалектных словарей, сборников и монографий, сведения из картотеки «Словаря русских говоров севера Пермского края» (ред. И. И. Русинова) Пермского государственного национального исследовательского университета. Различные номинации ряженых отражают сложность и полифункциональность феномена ряженья, в совокупности они представляют определенный набор признаков, воспринимаемых как существенные. Названия этих признаков служат мотиваторами обозначений ряженых. Среди региональных номинаций ряженых можно выделить несколько наиболее частотных групп единиц, мотивационно связанных с названиями обрядового перевоплощения (наряжунчики, посряжунчики, ряженки, ряженчики, ряжунчики, снаряжёнцы, снаряженщики, срядчики, сряженцы, сряжунчики, сряжушки), признаков внешнего облика ряженого (замаскированные, маскарованные, маскированные, машкарованные, машкированные, мышкарики), способов, приемов переодевания (горбуницы, горбунки, горбунцы, горбунчики, горбушки; старушки), персонажей низшей демонологии (ошуликаны, силикуны, сюликуны, чиликуны, шеликуны, шиликуны, шулеконы, шулиганы, шуликаны, шуликины, шуликуны, шулихуны, шульганы, шульканы, шулюкины; шиши, шишочки; полуденки, полудники, полудницы; мухтари, мухтарики, мухтары), календарного времени (святки, святошни, святошники, святошные), которые в то же время образуют ареалы на территории Пермского края и обусловлены особенностями его заселения. Можно говорить о значительной вариативности терминологии ряженых в Пермском крае. Часть номинаций регулярно фиксируется в регионе, другие встречаются реже и характерны только для конкретных ареалов и локальных традиций. Пермские данные демонстрируют бытование терминов как широко распространенных в русских традициях в целом, так и характерных только для региона.This article deals with the main groups of nominations denoting mummers (Rus. ряженые) in the Russian colloquialisms of Perm Region. The aim of the study is to describe the semantic groups of such terms associated with various ideas of dressing up: ritual dressing up, attributes and methods of dressing up, mythological ideas, and calendar time; to demonstrate the geographical distribution of units of these groups in the region. The study refers to field materials collected under the direction of A. V. Chernykh in various districts of Perm Region, data from Perm dialect dictionaries, collections and monographs, and data from the card index of the Dictionary of Russian Colloquialisms of the North of Perm Region (ed. by I. I. Rusinov) of Perm State National Research University. The various nominations of mummers reflect the complexity and polyfunctionality of the phenomenon of mummers; together they represent a certain set of attributes perceived as essential. The names of these attributes serve as motivators of the denominations of mummers. Several most frequent groups of units motivationally connected with the names of ritual transformation can be distinguished among the regional nominations of disguised persons (наряжунчики, посряжунчики, ряженки, ряженчики, ряжунчики, снаряжёнцы, снаряженщики, срядчики, сряженцы, сряжунчики, сряжушки), features of their appearances (замаскированные, маскарованные, маскированные, машкарованные, машкированные, мышкарики), means and ways of dressing up (горбуницы, горбунки, горбунцы, горбунчики, горбушки; старушки), lower demonology characters (ошуликаны, силикуны, сюликуны, чиликуны, шеликуны, шиликуны, шулеконы, шулиганы, шуликаны, шуликины, шуликуны, шулихуны, шульганы, шульканы, шулюкины; шиши, шишочки; полуденки, полудники, полудницы; мухтари, мухтарики, мухтары), calendar times (святки, святошни, святошники, святошные), which, at the same time, form areas on the territory of Perm Krai and are conditioned by the peculiarities of settlement. One can talk about a significant variability of the terminology of mummers in Perm Krai. Some nominations are often recorded in the region, others are less frequent and are characteristic only of specific areas and local traditions. Perm data demonstrate the use of terms both widely spread in Russian traditions in general and several names characteristic only of the region.Исследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда № 19-18-00117 «Традиционная культура русских в зонах активных межэтнических контактов Урала и Поволжья».This research is supported by a grant from the Russian Science Foundation, project 19-18-00117 “Traditional Culture of Russians in the Zones of Active Interethnic Contacts in the Urals and the Volga Region”

A kinetic model for magnetostriction of a ferrogel with physical networking

Kinetics of magnetostriction of ferrogel with physical networking based on natural polysaccharide guar gum with embedded strontium hexaferrite magnetic particles were studied in the uniform magnetic field 420 mT. An ellipsoidal sample was elongated by 37% along the applied field and contracted by 15% in the transverse direction, while its volume was kept constant. The characteristic time of magnetostriction was 440 s. Dynamic mechanical analysis in an oscillatory mode showed that the deformation of ferrogel is mostly elastic rather than viscous. Its storage modulus was almost constant in a frequency range of 0.1-100 Hz and by at least an order of magnitude larger than the loss modulus. Meanwhile, a developed theoretical model based on the elasto-viscous behaviour of the ferrogel failed to estimate correctly the experimental value of its magnetostriction. Calculated values of the elongation of ferrogel in the field were several orders of magnitude lower than those observed in the experiment for the ferrogel with physical networking. Consistency between the experiment and the theory was achieved using the alternative consideration based on the deformation of a liquid droplet of ferrofluid. The applicability of such an approach was discussed concerning structural relaxation properties of the ferrogel with physical networking. This article is part of the theme issue 'Transport phenomena in complex systems (part 1)'. © 2021 The Author(s).Russian Science Foundation, RSF, (20-12-00031)Data accessibility. This article has no additional data. Authors’ contributions. A.P.S. was involved in experiment management. E.A.M., E.V.R. were involved in measurements. A.Z. was involved in theoretical modelling Competing interests. We have no competing interests. Funding. This work has been done with the financial support of the Russian Science Foundation, project 20-12-00031

Prognostic and preventive role of various factors in corneal rejection after keratoplasty

The literature review is devoted to the analysis of modern publications on the immunological and pathogenetic mechanisms of transplanted corneal rejection, risk factors, predictors and methods of the prevention of this complication. The prevention of corneal rejection is challenging.Currently, there is no single algorithm for the predicting methods of the corneal graft rejection, so further research in this area is needed.Purpose. To assemble the current data on immunological and non-immunological predictors of postoperative complications after keratoplasty. The analysis of modern publications on the immunological and pathogenetic mechanisms of corneal transplant rejection, risk factors, predictors and methods of prevention of this complication is presented. The databases used were CyberLeninka, PubMed, and Medline. The focus was on the publications of the last 10 year s.Conclusion. The data presented in the review make it possible to identify signs of corneal transplant rejection and to determine treatment in a timely manner, as well as to implement methods for preventing these complications