Assessment of facial landmarks for bone asymmetry in geometric morphometric studies: A review

BackgroundAnthropometrical points or landmarks are key for facial shape analysis using geometric morphometrics. In the early 1990s Fred Bookstein created a classification system with landmarks type 1., type 2., type 3. based on anatomical landmark homology. However, thirty years later, a uniform referece index of landmarks that can be used for assessing facial asymmetry still does not exist. The criteria for selecting landmark points are not fully defined, which makes classification of homology and and landmarks prone to arbitrary interpretations. A systematic review of literature indicates that authors of studies do not provide explanation for choosing exact points. Most of them also do not provide a clear definition of landmarks and landmarks classification according to homology.ObjectiveThe objective of this systematic review was to assess, in an evidence based manner, which landmarks inside the Bookstein groups of on facial hard tissues can be reccomended for facial asymmetry assessment using geometric mophometrics.Search methodsAn electronic search of 9 databases up to March 2020 by two reviewers was conducted to identify relevant articles.Selection criteriaProspective randomized, non-randomized controlled trials and cross sectional studies reporting on facial asymmetry using three-dimensional images and geometric morphometric methods. The reasons for assessing facial asymmetry were not considered.Data collection and analysisThe 23 selected studies were categorized according to the number and specification of the research subjects, types of three-dimensional images, number of landmarks, and the craniofacial region of interest. All landmarks were extracted with the following data: name, abbreviation, and the author’s definition of the location.ResultsThe craniofacial region is divided into neurobasic cranial part, ethmomaxillar part and the mandible. Assessment of neurobasic cranial asymmetry was conducted in 6 studies and 45 different landmarks were recorded, of which 11 were medial and 34 bilateral. Bregma and Lambda occur most frequently and according to homology both belong to type 1 landmarks.Assessment of ethmomaxillary asymmetry was conducted in 21 studies and 68 different landmarks were recorded, of which 16 were medial and 52 bilateral. Nasion and Jugale occur most frequently and according to homology Nasion belongs to type 1 landmarks and Jugale to type 2 landmarks. Conclusion The selection and definition of craniofacial hard tissue landmarks is one of the most important tasks in the design of morphometric studies, and thus for the purpose of assessing facial asymmetry. The review provides an extensive cross-section of possible landmarks with the definition of the location as well as the possible location variation. The list of these landmarks should be observed through the classification of landmarks according to their homology, as well as possible variations of the classification

Effect of feeding olive by-products on certain blood parameters and serum enzyme activities of fattening rabbits

The effect of feeding different levels (10 and 20%) of dehydrated olive cake pulp on certain blood parameters and on the catalytic activity of serum enzymes was studied in fattening rabbits. A total of 60 rabbits were divided into a control group (C) and two experimental groups (E1, E2), each comprising 10 males and 10 females. Rabbits of Group C received no dehydrated olive cake pulp in their diet, while rabbits of Group E1and Group E2were fed 10% and 20% dehydrated olive cake pulp, respectively. After Day 56 of the experiment, blood samples were obtained by cardiac puncture and certain blood parameters as well as the catalytic activity of serum enzymes were determined. Following the experimental feeding period no significant differences were found between Group C and Groups E1and E2in red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) count, haemoglobin concentration and haematocrit value. Similarly, after 56 days of experimental fattening no significant differences were found between the control group and the experimental groups in the catalytic activity of the serum enzymes alkaline phosphatase (AP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). However, Group E2 rabbits manifested a significantly higher alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity in the serum than did rabbits of Group E1. The results indicate that the inclusion of dehydrated olive cake pulp in the diet at the rate of 10% or 20% caused no changes in the investigated blood parameters and serum enzyme activities of fattening rabbits

The effect of ochratoxin a in feed on the blood content of lipids and proteins in chickens

lstražen je utjecaj ohratoksina A u hrani na koncentraciju ukupnih masti, ukupnih bjelančevina i albumina, te na koncentraciju alfa1, alfa2, beta i gama-globulina u krvnoj plazmi pilića. Pilići kontrolne skupine hranjeni su komercijalnim starterom, II skupine istim starterom u koji je primiješano 0,5 ppm ohratoksina A, a koncentracija ohratoksina A u hrani III skupine pilića iznosila je 5,0 ppm. Koncentracija ohratoksina A od 0,5 ppm djelovala je nakon 56 dana pokusa na povećanje, a koncentracija od 5,0 ppm ohratoksina A na smanjenje sadržaja ukupnih lipida, ukupnih proteina te albumina u krvnoj plazmi pokusnih pilića. Koncentracija ohratoksina A od 5,0 ppm djelovala je na smanjenje sadržaja alfa1, alfa2; beta i gama-globulina u krvnoj plazmi pilića kroz cijeli pokusni period.The effect of ochratoxin A in the feed on the concentration of total lipids, total proteins and albumin, and on the concentration of alpha1, alpha2, beta and gamma globulins in the blood plasma of chickens was investigated. The chickens of the control group were fed with a commercial feed, the chickens of the second group received the same feed mixed with 0.5 ppm ochratoxin A and those of the third the same feed with 5.0 ppm ochratoxin A. After 56 days the concentration of 0.5 ppm ochratoxin A provoked a higher content of total lipids and total proteins in blood plasma. The concentration of 5.0 ppm ochratoxin A in feed reduced the content of total lipids, total proteins and albumin. The concentration of 5.0 ppm ochratoxin A reduced the content of alpha1, alpha2, beta and gamma globulins in the blood plasma of chickens