Efficacy of Major Plant Extracts/Molecules on Field Insect Pests

Insect pests are considered the major hurdle in enhancing the production and productivity of any farming system. The use of conventional synthetic pesticides has led to the emergence of pesticide-resistant insects, environmental pollution, and negative effects on natural enemies, which have caused an ecological imbalance of the predator-prey ratio and human health hazards; therefore, eco-friendly alternative strategies are required. The plant kingdom, a rich repertoire of secondary metabolites, can be tapped as an alternative for insect pest management strategies. A number of plants have been documented to have insecticidal properties against various orders of insects in vitro by acting as antifeedants, repellents, sterilant and oviposition deterrents, etc. However, only a few plant compounds are applicable at the field level or presently commercialised. Here, we have provided an overview of the broad-spectrum insecticidal activity of plant compounds from neem, Annona, Pongamia, and Jatropha. Additionally, the impact of medicinal plants, herbs, spices, and essential oils has been reviewed briefl

No Effect of Music on Anxiety and Pain During Transrectal Prostate Biopsies: A Randomized Trial

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of ambient music on anxiety and pain in men undergoing prostate biopsies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between September 2015 and June 2016, men undergoing office transrectal prostate biopsy at our institution were randomly assigned to music (n = 85) or control (n = 97) groups. We examined clinical characteristics, pathologic variables, and baseline anxiety using the Trait Instrument of State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Primary outcomes included anxiety assessed by State Instrument of STAI (STAI-S) and pain using a visual analog scale. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics between the music and control groups, including median age, prostate-specific antigen, use of magnetic resonance imaging-guided biopsies, or Trait Instrument of State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. The majority (93%) of patients indicated they desired music in their prebiopsy survey. There were no significant differences in STAI-S (33.7 +/- 8.9 vs 34.4 +/- 9.9, P = .6), pain score (2.3 +/- 2.1 vs 2.0 +/- 2.1, P = .3), or vital signs between the music and control groups, respectively. There were also no differences in STAI-S, visual analog scale, or vital signs between groups when stratified by age, prostate-specific antigen, or number of previous biopsies. Men who received music were more likely to request music for future prostate biopsy, compared to men who did not (93% vs 83%, P = .07, respectively). CONCLUSION: This randomized study showed no difference in anxiety or pain scores for patients who had ambient music during transrectal prostate biopsy. Future studies are needed to discern the influence of details including method of music delivery, music type, and utilization of adjunct relaxation tools

Rhene pallida Caleb & Sanap & Tripathi & Sampathkumar & Dharmaraj & Packiam 2022, comb. n.

<i>Rhene pallida</i> (Thorell, 1895) comb. n. <p>Figs 42–56, 72</p> <p> <i>Zeuxippus pallidus</i> Thorell, 1895: 333 (D ♀); Prószyński, 1984: 123 (♀); Żabka, 1985: 456, figs 639–645 (♀, D ♂).</p> <p> <i>Rhene argentata</i> Wesołowska, 1981: 47, figs 5–8 (D ♀).</p> <p> <i>Rhene decoratus</i> Tikader, 1977: 276, figs 4–6 (D ♀); holotype ♀ in NZC-ZSI, examined; <b>syn. n.</b></p> <p> <i>Rhene pantharae</i> Biswas & Biswas, 1992: 399, figs 29–31 (D ♀); holotype ♀ in the NZC-ZSI, examined; <b>syn. n.</b></p> <p>For a complete list of taxonomic references see WSC (2022).</p> <p> <b>Types.</b> <i>Rhene decoratus</i> Tikader, 1977: <i>Holotype</i> ♀ (NZC-ZSI) from <b>INDIA</b>, Maharashtra, Poona (presently Pune) Distr., Karla Govt. Rest House, 04.11.1963, leg. B.K. Tikader. <i>Paratype</i>: 1 ♀ (NZC-ZSI), together with the holotype.</p> <p> <i>Rhene pantharae</i> Biswas & Biswas, 1992: <i>Holotype</i> ♀ (NZC-ZSI 5369/18) from <b>INDIA</b>, West Bengal, Nadia Distr., Ranaghat, 16.02.1986, leg. K. Biswas.</p> <p> <b>Comments.</b> <i>R. decoratus</i> Tikader, 1977 was originally described from Maharashtra and was later recorded from West Bengal (Tikader & Biswas, 1981; Roy <i>et al</i>., 2016) and <i>R. pantharae</i> Biswas & Biswas, 1992 was described from West Bengal (Biswas & Biswas, 1992). Based on the detailed examination of the types of both species, they were found to be identical to <i>Rhene pallida</i> (Thorell, 1895) comb. n. in the following characters: the abdominal colour pattern with transverse black streaks and the genitalia morphology with comma-shaped sclerotized rims and central epigynal pocket; proximal portion of insemination ducts membraneous and bent S-like, mid-portion strongly sclerotized, running parallel along the median portion longitudinally; small spermathecae (cf. Figs 42–48 and Figs 51–55 with figs 5–8 in Wesołowska (1981), illustrations in Proszynski (1984: 123) and figs 643–645 in Zabka (1985)). Therefore, both the species <i>R. decoratus</i> and <i>R. pantharae</i> are treated as junior synonyms of <i>R. pallida</i>.</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> Bangladesh, Myanmar, China, Vietnam (WSC, 2022), India (Maharashtra, West Bengal) (Fig. 72).</p>Published as part of <i>Caleb, John T. D., Sanap, Rajesh V., Tripathi, Rishikesh, Sampathkumar, M., Dharmaraj, Jayaraman & Packiam, Soosaimanickam Maria, 2022, Taxonomic notes on some South and Southeast Asian members of the genus Rhene Thorell, 1869 (Aranei, Salticidae, Dendryphantini), pp. 389-407 in Zootaxa 5125 (4)</i> on pages 398-402, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5125.4.3, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/6450909">http://zenodo.org/record/6450909</a&gt

Rhenefictus wandae Caleb & Sanap & Tripathi & Sampathkumar & Dharmaraj & Packiam 2022, comb. n.

Rhenefictus wandae (Wang & Li, 2021) comb. n. Rhene wandae Wang & Li, 2021: 149, figs 16A–C, 17A–D (D ♂). Rhenefictus tropicus Logunov, 2021: 1044, figs 120–126 (D ♂); holotype ♂ in MMUE, not examined; syn. n. Comments. Rhene wandae Wang & Li, 2021 was described based on the holotype male and the paratype male from Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, China. Rhenefictus tropicus Logunov, 2021 was described based on the holotype male from the Tuyen Quang Province in northern Vietnam. While comparing the illustrations of both species, it is evident that they depict the same species. The unique male palp with the long whip-like, coiled embolus lacking a terminal apophysis (cf. figs 120–126 in Logunov (2021) with figs 16A–C, 17A–D in Wang & Li (2021)) is a diagnostic characteristic of the newly erected genus Rhenefictus Logunov, 2021. Despite both descriptions being published in 2021, the paper by Wang & Li appeared in October, whereas that of Logunov in November. Therefore, the name Rhene wandae has a priority over R. tropicus Logunov, 2021, and the latter is to be considered a junior synonym of the former. Yet, the validity of the newly erected, monotypic genus Rhenefictus remains unquestioned, and thus Rhene wandae is to be transferred to this genus: Rhenefictus wandae (Wang & Li, 2021) comb. n. Finally, despite the newly established synonymy and based on Article 67.1.2 of the ICZN, Rhenefictus tropicus Logunov, 2021 remains the type species of Rhenefictus, and is now regarded as a synonym of Rhene wandae Wang & Li, 2021. Distribution. China, northern Vietnam (Wang & Li, 2021; Logunov 2021: sub Rhenefictus tropicus; WSC, 2022) (Fig. 72).Published as part of Caleb, John T. D., Sanap, Rajesh V., Tripathi, Rishikesh, Sampathkumar, M., Dharmaraj, Jayaraman & Packiam, Soosaimanickam Maria, 2022, Taxonomic notes on some South and Southeast Asian members of the genus Rhene Thorell, 1869 (Aranei, Salticidae, Dendryphantini), pp. 389-407 in Zootaxa 5125 (4) on page 403, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5125.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/645090

Taxonomic notes on some South and Southeast Asian members of the genus Rhene Thorell, 1869 (Aranei, Salticidae, Dendryphantini)

Caleb, John T.D., Sanap, Rajesh V., Tripathi, Rishikesh, Sampathkumar, M., Dharmaraj, Jayaraman, Packiam, Soosaimanickam Maria (2022): Taxonomic notes on some South and Southeast Asian members of the genus Rhene Thorell, 1869 (Aranei, Salticidae, Dendryphantini). Zootaxa 5125 (4): 389-407, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5125.4.

Rhene flavicomans Simon 1902

Rhene flavicomans Simon, 1902 Figs 1–4, 72 Rhene flavicomans Simon, 1902: 33 (D ♂); Prószyński, 1984: 119–121 (♂, D ♀); Jastrzębski, 1997: 51, figs 9–11 (♀). Rhene biembolusa Song & Chai, 1991: 23, figs 14A–E (D ♂); holotype ♂, in the Institute of Zoology, Beijing, not examined; syn. n. For a complete list of taxonomic references see WSC (2022). Material. INDIA: Kerala: 1 ♂ (RTC), Trivandrum (8.56408°N, 76.89197°E), 39 m a.s.l., 20.06.2019, leg. R. Tripathi; Assam: 1 ♀ (NZC-ZSI/AA383), Sontipur, Biswanath Charali (26.6739°N, 92.8577°E), 69 m a.s.l., 29.05.2016, leg. S. Kundu & D. Singha. Comments. Rhene biembolusa Song & Chai (1991) was described based on a holotype male from Bawangling, Hainan, China. The species was later discovered from mainland China and both sexes were illustrated (Peng et al., 1994; Song et al., 1999; Peng, 2020). Based on the original and subsequent illustrations, the species shows clear resemblance in genital morphology to R. flavicomans. The male palp with short, ventrally curved embolus accompanied with slightly broad terminal apophysis resembling the embolus; epigyne with medially placed pair of oval openings; copulatory ducts broad, subparallel (cf. Figs 1–4, illustrations in Prószyński (1984: 119–121), figs 9–11 in Jastrzębski (1997), figs 14A–E in Song & Chai (1991), figs 5–9 in Peng et al. (1994) and figs 280a–i in Peng et al. (2020)). Therefore, here R. biembolusa is considered as a junior synonym of R. flavicomans. Distribution. India (Assam, Kerala (present data), West Bengal (Caleb, 2019)), Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam, China (WSC, 2022) (Fig. 72).Published as part of Caleb, John T. D., Sanap, Rajesh V., Tripathi, Rishikesh, Sampathkumar, M., Dharmaraj, Jayaraman & Packiam, Soosaimanickam Maria, 2022, Taxonomic notes on some South and Southeast Asian members of the genus Rhene Thorell, 1869 (Aranei, Salticidae, Dendryphantini), pp. 389-407 in Zootaxa 5125 (4) on pages 390-392, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5125.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/645090

Bianor angulosus

Bianor angulosus (Karsch, 1879) Figs 65–71, 72 Ballus angulosus Karsch, 1879: 553 (D ♀). Bianor hotingchiehi Żabka, 1985: 210, figs 1–15 (♂ ♀). Bianor angulosus Żabka, 1988: 442, figs 56–58 (♀). Rhene haldanei Gajbe, 2004: 135, figs 181–183 (D ♀); holotype ♀, in NZC-ZSI, examined; syn. n. For a complete list of taxonomic references see WSC (2022). Type. Rhene haldanei Gajbe, 2004: Holotype ♀ (NZC-ZSI) from INDIA, Madhya Pradesh, Jabalpur, Tilwaraghat, 07.08.1998, leg. P. Gajbe. Comments. Rhene haldanei Gajbe, 2004 was described based on a holotype female from Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh. Detailed examination of the holotype revealed it to be identical to Bianor angulosus in both general colour pattern and genital morphology. The abdominal pattern with a pair of white spots in the posterior half and median chevron shaped markings; epigyne with a well-developed central pocket and fossae; copulatory openings leading to funnel-shaped inlets; copulatory ducts long with clearly visible first loop and spermathecae elongated (cf. Figs 65–70 with figs 7, 11 in Zabka (1985) and figs 53, 55, 61 in Logunov (2001)). Thus, the species R. haldanei is to be treated as a member of Bianor and a junior synonym of B. angulosus. Distribution. India (Assam, Bihar, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Odisha, Punjab, West Bengal (Caleb, 2019), Kerala (Babu et al., 2021), Madhya Pradesh (present study)), Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Bangladesh, China, Taiwan, Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia (WSC, 2022) (Fig. 72).Published as part of Caleb, John T. D., Sanap, Rajesh V., Tripathi, Rishikesh, Sampathkumar, M., Dharmaraj, Jayaraman & Packiam, Soosaimanickam Maria, 2022, Taxonomic notes on some South and Southeast Asian members of the genus Rhene Thorell, 1869 (Aranei, Salticidae, Dendryphantini), pp. 389-407 in Zootaxa 5125 (4) on pages 403-405, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5125.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/645090

Rhene Thorell 1869

<i>Rhene</i> Thorell, 1869 <p> <i>Rhene</i> Thorell, 1869: 37 (replacement name for <i>Rhanis</i> C.L. Koch, 1846, preoccupied; type species: <i>Rhanis flavigera</i> C.L. Koch, 1846).</p> <p> <i>Zeuxippus</i> Thorell, 1891: 109 (type species: <i>Zeuxippus histrio</i> Thorell, 1891, examined based on illustrations and images of the type species kept at the Zoological Museum, Copenhagen, http://www.daim.snm.ku.dk/The-digitized-type-collection). <b>syn. n.</b></p> <p> <b>Justification of synonymy.</b> The morphology and copulatory organs of <i>Zeuxippus</i> Thorell, 1891 appear similar to that of <i>Rhene</i> Thorell, 1869. Based on a detailed comparison of the illustrations of the generotype, <i>Zeuxippus histrio</i> Thorell, 1891 (Prószyński, 1984), it is evident that it has all the diagnostic features of <i>Rhene</i> as illustrated for <i>Rhene flavigera</i> (C.L. Koch, 1846). The palp with short, curved embolus accompanied by a hook-shaped terminal apophysis; simple pointed RTA; bag-like tegulum and sperm duct of the palp with retromarginal loop are diagnostic for <i>Rhene</i>. Expect the longer, more obtuse abdomen, characteristic differences in palpal structure are not seen. Therefore, <i>Zeuxippus</i> is considered a junior synonym of <i>Rhene</i>.</p> <p> The synonymy has resulted in four new combinations: <i>Rhene atellana</i> (Thorell, 1895) <b>comb. n.</b>, <i>Rhene histrio</i> (Thorell, 1891) <b>comb. n.</b>, <i>Rhene pallida</i> (Thorell, 1895) <b>comb. n.</b>, and <i>Rhene yunnanensis</i> (Peng & Xie, 1995) <b>comb. n.</b>.</p>Published as part of <i>Caleb, John T. D., Sanap, Rajesh V., Tripathi, Rishikesh, Sampathkumar, M., Dharmaraj, Jayaraman & Packiam, Soosaimanickam Maria, 2022, Taxonomic notes on some South and Southeast Asian members of the genus Rhene Thorell, 1869 (Aranei, Salticidae, Dendryphantini), pp. 389-407 in Zootaxa 5125 (4)</i> on page 390, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5125.4.3, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/6450909">http://zenodo.org/record/6450909</a&gt

Rhene mus

Rhene mus (Simon, 1889) Figs 36–41, 72 Homalattus mus Simon, 1889: 335 (D ♀). Rhene mus: Roewer, 1955: 1235. Type. Homalattus mus Simon, 1889: Holotype ♀ (NZC-ZSI 3556/10) from INDIA, Uttarakhand, Jaonsar, Siri (30.59854°N, 78.53740°E), 1750 m a.s.l., leg. R.D. Oldham. Diagnosis. The species is similar to R. menglunensis Wang & Li, 2020 in epigynal morphology but can be differentiated by the orientation of the copulatory openings—the scletorized u-shaped margin, oriented along the longitudinal axis (crescent-like in R. menglunensis) (cf. Figs 37, 40 with fig. 14A in Wang & Li (2020)). Supplementary description. Female (holotype). Body length: 4.68; carapace: 1.98 long, 1.91 wide; abdomen: 2.70 long, 1.82 wide. Carapace brown, covered with pale hairs; eye field light brown; posterior eyes surrounded by black patches (Fig. 36). Eye measurements: AME 0.38, ALE 0.18, PME 0.05, PLE 0.14, AER 1.29, PER 1.93, EFL 1.27. Clypeus height 0.03. Chelicerae 0.52 long. Sternum oval, light brown. Chelicerae yellow-brown; labium and maxillae light brown. Legs yellowish brown (Figs 36, 38, 39). Abdomen yellow, without any pattern (Fig. 36); venter yellowish uniformly. Spinnerets yellowish. Epigyne with a pair of medio-lateral copulatory openings and a median epigynal pocket in the posterior margin (Figs 37, 40). Distribution. India (Uttarakhand) (Fig. 72).Published as part of Caleb, John T. D., Sanap, Rajesh V., Tripathi, Rishikesh, Sampathkumar, M., Dharmaraj, Jayaraman & Packiam, Soosaimanickam Maria, 2022, Taxonomic notes on some South and Southeast Asian members of the genus Rhene Thorell, 1869 (Aranei, Salticidae, Dendryphantini), pp. 389-407 in Zootaxa 5125 (4) on page 398, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5125.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/645090

Rhene flavigera

Rhene flavigera (C.L. Koch, 1846) Figs 5–35, 72 Rhanis flavigera C. L. Koch, 1846: 14: 86, fig. 1340 (D ♂). Rhene flavigera Prószyński, 1984: 119–121 (♂, D ♀); Żabka, 1985: 443, figs 541–543 (♀). Rhene rubrigera Prószyński, 1984: 121 (♀ from Burma (now Myanmar), misidentified). Rhene danieli Tikader, 1973: 71, figs 5–9 (D ♂); holotype ♂ in NZC-ZSI, examined; syn. n. Rhene indicus Tikader, 1973: 68, figs 1–4 (D ♂ ♀); holotype ♀, allotype ♂ and paratypes ♀♀, in NZC-ZSI, examined; syn. n. Rhene khandalaensis Tikader, 1977: 274, figs 1–3 (D ♀); holotype ♀, not examined; syn. n. Zygoballus citri Sadana, 1991: 73, figs 1–6 (D ♂ ♀); holotype ♀ & paratypes ♂ ♀, repository unknown, not examined; syn. n. Rhene sanghrakshiti Gajbe, 2004: 137, figs 184–186 (D ♀); holotype ♀, in NZC-ZSI, examined; syn. n. For a complete list of taxonomic references see WSC (2022). Types. Rhene danieli Tikader, 1973: Holotype ♂ (NZC-ZSI) from INDIA, Maharashtra, Bombay (presently Mumbai), Borivili (= Borivali), 16.08.1972, leg. J.C. Daniel (Note: There were two males in the same vial. The bigger one is taken as the holotype as it fits with the body measurements and illustrations provided in the original description). Rhene khandalaensis Tikader, 1977: Holotype ♀ (NZC-ZSI) from INDIA, Maharashtra, Poona (presently Pune) Distr., Khandala, 9.11.1963, leg. B.K. Tikader (specimen could not be traced in the ZSI collections). Rhene sanghrakshiti Gajbe, 2004: Holotype ♀ (NZC-ZSI) from INDIA, Madhya Pradesh, Jabalpur, Garha, 14.08.1997, leg. P. Gajbe. Rhene indica Tikader, 1973: Holotype ♀ (NZC-ZSI) from INDIA, Punjab, Ludhiana, the Punjab Agricultural University compound, 17.02.1972, leg. G.L. Sadana. Allotype ♂ and Paratypes (2 ♀♀), together with the holotype. Zygoballus citri Sadana, 1991: Holotype ♀ from INDIA, Punjab, Ludhiana, the Punjab Agricultural University, 12.12.1989, leg. G.L. Sadana. Allotype ♂ and Paratypes (4 ♀♀ and 3 ♂♂), together with the holotype (author mentioned that the types will be deposited in NZC-ZSI but they could not be traced in the ZSI collections). Comparative material. Rhene flavigera (C.L. Koch, 1846) from MALAYSIA: 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (MMUE, G7572.22409), Selangor Province, Banting, 100 m a.s.l., leg. W. Corley, 14 Nov 1982, det. J.A. Murphy (1990); 1 ♂, 4 ♀♀ (MMUE, G7572.14465), W. Pahang Province, Genting, 700 m a.s.l., leg. J. Murphy & F. Murphy, 01 Feb 1988, det. J.A. Murphy (1991); 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀ (MMUE, G7572.18303), W. Pahang Province, Genting, 600 m a.s.l., leg. J. Murphy & F. Murphy, 26 Nov 1990, det. J.A. Murphy (1991). Other material. INDIA: Kerala: 1 ♂ (RTC), Irinjalakuda (10.34137°N, 76.19612°E), 6 m a.s.l., 01.10.2021, leg. R. Tripathi; 1 ♂ (RTC), Kerala, Wayanad, Valliyoorkavu (11.8043°N, 76.0305°E) 736 m a.s.l., 18.10.2021, leg. A. Jose; Maharashtra: 2 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀ (RVSC), Mumbai, Aarey Milk Colony (19.1425°N, 72.8674°E), 37 m a.s.l., 27.07.2017, leg. R. Sanap; Tamil Nadu: 1 ♂ (JDC), Nilgiri Distr., (11.3266°N, 76.6255°E), 1994 m a.s.l., 15.11.2020, leg. J. Dharmaraj; 1 ♀ (NBAIR-NIM-SPI-24F/19) & 1 ♂ (NBAIR-NIM-SPI-24M/19), Ooty, Muthorai, from tea ecosystem (11.387111°N, 76.670806°E), 2133 m a.s.l., 24.09.2019, leg. M. Sampathkumar; Karnataka: 3 ♀♀ (NBAIR-NIM-SPI-25F/21) & 1 ♂ (NBAIR-NIM-SPI-25M/21), Bengaluru, Atturu, from Okra ecosystem (13.096889°N, 77.568139°E), 934 m a.s.l., 19.03.2021, leg. M. Sampathkumar; 1 ♂ (NBAIR-NIM-SPI-24M/20), Bengaluru, Hesaraghatta, from pomegranate ecosystem (13.131278°N, 77.492167°E), 858 m a.s.l., 24.09.2020, leg. M. Sampathkumar. Comments. Rhene danieli Tikader, 1973 was originally described from a holotype male collected from Mumbai (erstwhile Bombay), Maharashtra (Tikader, 1973) and later recorded from other localities in West Bengal (Tikader & Biswas, 1981; Roy et al., 2016). A detailed examination of the male specimens revealed that its abdominal colour pattern and the palpal morphology are identical to those of R. flavigera (cf. Figs 5–10 with illustrations in Prószyński (1984: 119) and fig. 52 in Maddison (1996)). It is therefore safe to conclude that this species is a junior synonym of R. flavigera. Rhene khandalaensis Tikader, 1977 was described from Khandala, Maharashtra based on a female holotype and four female paratypes (Tikader, 1977). The types were not available and may have been either misplaced in the collection or lost. However, the original illustrations, though not so detailed, helped to recognize the species. The colour pattern of the abdomen is identical with that of R. flavigera and the epigyne with oval openings and median epigynal pocket and the internal structures with mid-portion of insemination ducts running parallel close to each other and the convoluted spermathecae (cf. figs 1–3 in Tikader (1977) with illustrations in Prószyński (1984: 120, 121), figs 541, 542 in Żabka (1985) and Figs 12–16 herein). R. khandalaensis is therefore regarded as a junior synonym of R. flavigera. Rhene sanghrakshiti Gajbe, 2004 was described based on a female holotype from Garha, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh (Gajbe, 2004). Detailed examination of the holotype revealed that the abdominal colour pattern and the female genitalia with large oval copulatory openings, median epigynal pocket and convoluted spermathecae match clearly with that of R. flavigera (cf. Figs 12–16 with illustrations in Prószyński (1984: 120) and figs 541, 542 in Żabka (1985)). Based on the above observations, it is safe to conclude that the species is a junior synonym of R. flavigera. Rhene indica and Rhene citri were both described from the same type locality—the Punjab Agriculture University, Ludhiana. Although the type material of R. citri was not available for the study, we could examine the type specimens of R. indica from the same locality. The palpal morphology of the single (allotype) male of R. indica could not be studied in detail as both palps were missing but the original illustration of the palp is identical to R. flavigera (cf. Figs 9 & 29 with fig. 2 in Tikader, 1973). However, the colour pattern agrees with that of R. flavigera (cf. Figs 18, 19, 21–24 with illustrations in Prószyński (1984: 121)). The epigyne of both R. indica and R. citri with ovoid epigynal openings and a median epigynal pocket unambiguously match with the epigyne of R. flavigera (cf. Fig. 20 and fig. 2 in Sadana (1991) with illustrations in Prószyński (1984: 120, 121)). Based on the general morphology and copulatory organs there remains no doubt that both species are indeed junior synonyms of R. flavigera. The relation of R. flavigera and R. albigera based on all available illustrations and the original descriptions point that both species names are synonyms having been described in the same work and both were described from single males collected from the same locality, Bintang (C.L. Koch, 1846). The name R. flavigera (on p. 86) would be valid as it precedes R. albigera (on p. 87) in the original publication (C.L. Koch, 1846). A formal synonymize is not done here as the corresponding types are to be studied. Distribution. Pakistan, China, Vietnam to Indonesia (Sumatra) (WSC, 2022), India (Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab, Tamil Nadu) (Fig. 72).Published as part of Caleb, John T. D., Sanap, Rajesh V., Tripathi, Rishikesh, Sampathkumar, M., Dharmaraj, Jayaraman & Packiam, Soosaimanickam Maria, 2022, Taxonomic notes on some South and Southeast Asian members of the genus Rhene Thorell, 1869 (Aranei, Salticidae, Dendryphantini), pp. 389-407 in Zootaxa 5125 (4) on pages 392-398, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5125.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/645090