Анализ многолетнего опыта изучения инактивированных культуральных вакцин для профилактики f клещевого энцефалита отечественного и зарубежного производства по показателю качества -специфическая активность (иммуногенность)

The analysis of the use of the method for the evaluation of specific (immunogenic) activity of vaccines for preventing tick-borne encephalitis (TBE vaccines) against protective dilution (PD50) and the minimum immunizing dose (MID50) has been performed. The method was standardized and submitted to the regulatory documents for TBE vaccines authorized in the Russian Federation. When analyzing the results of the study of specific (immunogenic) activity of TBE vaccines (107 TBE vaccine batches by different manufacturers have been studied) it was confirmed that the choice of real lethal dose (RLD50) indicator of TBE virus (test strain «Absettarov») in the range of 100-3000 LD50, the reasonability of using BALB /c cell-line mice, the effectiveness of the national method of determining immunogenicity in terms of MlD50 for TBE vaccines authorized in the Russian Federation. The reasonability of using immunogenicity reference standard for TBE-OSO 42-28-48 to assess the reproducibility of the experiments, and the homogeneity of laboratory animals in terms of quality. Methods for determining TBE vaccine immunogenicity («specific activity (immunogenicity)» in terms of PD50 and MID50 is applicable both for Russian commercial TBE vaccines and for FSME-Immun vaccine, manufactured by «Baxter Vaccine AG», Austria.Проведен анализ применения метода оценки специфической (иммуногенной) активности современных вакцин клещевого энцефалита (вакцины КЭ) по протективному разведению (ПР50) и минимальной иммунизирующей дозе (МИД50). Метод стандартизован и внесен в нормативные документы на зарегистрированные в Российской Федерации вакцины КЭ. При анализе результатов изучения специфической (иммуногенной) активности вакцин КЭ (исследовано 107 серий вакцин КЭ различных производителей) подтверждены: выбор показателя реальной летальной дозы (РЛД50) вируса КЭ (тест-штамм «Абсеттаров») в пределах 100-3000 ЛД50, целесообразность применения линейных мышей BALB/с, эффективность применения отечественного метода определения иммуногенности по показателю МИД50 для вакцин КЭ, зарегистрированных в Российской Федерации. Подтверждена целесообразность применения стандартного образца иммуногенности вакцины КЭ - ОСО 42-28-48 для оценки сходимости результатов постановки экспериментов и однородности лабораторных животных по качеству. Метод определения иммуногенности вакцин КЭ (показатель качества «Специфическая активность (иммуногенность)» по показателям ПР50 и МИД50 применим как для российских коммерческих вакцин КЭ, так и для вакцины ФСМЕ-Иммун, производства компании «Бакстер вакцины АГ», Австрия

Macro- And microstructural changes in cosmonauts' brains after long-duration spaceflight

Long-duration spaceflight causes widespread physiological changes, although its effect on brain structure remains poorly understood. In this work, we acquired diffusion magnetic resonance imaging to investigate alterations of white matter (WM), gray matter (GM), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) compositions in each voxel, before, shortly after, and 7 months after long-duration spaceflight. We found increased WM in the cerebellum after spaceflight, providing the first clear evidence of sensorimotor neuroplasticity. At the region of interest level, this increase persisted 7 months after return to Earth. We also observe a widespread redistribution of CSF, with concomitant changes in the voxel fractions of adjacent GM. We show that these GM changes are the result of morphological changes rather than net tissue loss, which remained unclear from previous studies. Our study provides evidence of spaceflight-induced neuroplasticity to adapt motor strategies in space and evidence of fluid shift- induced mechanical changes in the brain. © 2020The Authors, some rights reserved.Peer reviewe

Assay platform for clinically relevant metallo-beta-lactamases

Metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) are a growing threat to the use of almost all clinically used β-lactam antibiotics. The identification of broad-spectrum MBL inhibitors is hampered by the lack of a suitable screening platform, consisting of appropriate substrates and a set of clinically relevant MBLs. We report procedures for the preparation of a set of clinically relevant metallo-β-lactamases (i.e., NDM-1 (New Delhi MBL), IMP-1 (Imipenemase), SPM-1 (São Paulo MBL), and VIM-2 (Verona integron-encoded MBL)) and the identification of suitable fluorogenic substrates (umbelliferone-derived cephalosporins). The fluorogenic substrates were compared to chromogenic substrates (CENTA, nitrocefin, and imipenem), showing improved sensitivity and kinetic parameters. The efficiency of the fluorogenic substrates was exemplified by inhibitor screening, identifying 4-chloroisoquinolinols as potential pan MBL inhibitors

Allosteric Interactions within Subsites of a Monomeric Enzyme: Kinetics of Fluorogenic Substrates of PI-Specific Phospholipase C

Two novel water-soluble fluorescein myo-inositol phosphate (FLIP) substrates, butyl-FLIP and methyl-FLIP, were used to examine the kinetics and subsite interactions of Bacillus cereus phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C. Butyl-FLIP exhibited sigmoidal kinetics when initial rates are plotted versus substrate concentration. The data fit a Hill coefficient of 1.2–1.5, suggesting an allosteric interaction between two sites. Two substrate molecules bind to this enzyme, one at the active site and one at a subsite, causing an increase in activity. The kinetic behavior is mathematically similar to that of well-known cooperative multimeric enzymes even though this phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C is a small, monomeric enzyme. The less hydrophobic substrate, methyl-FLIP, binds only to the active site and not the activator site, and thus exhibits standard hyperbolic kinetics. An analytical expression is presented that accounts for the kinetics of both substrates in the absence and presence of a nonsubstrate short-chain phospholipid, dihexanoylphosphatidylcholine. The fluorogenic substrates detect activation at much lower concentrations of dihexanoylphosphatidylcholine than previously reported

The analysis of a long-term experience of studying inactivated cell-culture vaccines for preventing tick-borne encephalitis of domestic and foreign manufacture in terms of specific activity (immunogenicity)

The analysis of the use of the method for the evaluation of specific (immunogenic) activity of vaccines for preventing tick-borne encephalitis (TBE vaccines) against protective dilution (PD50) and the minimum immunizing dose (MID50) has been performed. The method was standardized and submitted to the regulatory documents for TBE vaccines authorized in the Russian Federation. When analyzing the results of the study of specific (immunogenic) activity of TBE vaccines (107 TBE vaccine batches by different manufacturers have been studied) it was confirmed that the choice of real lethal dose (RLD50) indicator of TBE virus (test strain «Absettarov») in the range of 100-3000 LD50, the reasonability of using BALB /c cell-line mice, the effectiveness of the national method of determining immunogenicity in terms of MlD50 for TBE vaccines authorized in the Russian Federation. The reasonability of using immunogenicity reference standard for TBE-OSO 42-28-48 to assess the reproducibility of the experiments, and the homogeneity of laboratory animals in terms of quality. Methods for determining TBE vaccine immunogenicity («specific activity (immunogenicity)» in terms of PD50 and MID50 is applicable both for Russian commercial TBE vaccines and for FSME-Immun vaccine, manufactured by «Baxter Vaccine AG», Austria

Mycoplasma - contamination of cell cultures

The safety of biological products derived from animal cells is associated with the properties of the cells themselves or their components, as well as with the possible presence of contaminants of microbial and viral origin. The suitability of cell substrate for production of prophylactic preparations is often determined by the features of the production process, which allows to benefit/risk ratio of the product. One of the common contaminants of cell substrates are mycoplasmas, type Mollicutes. As distinguished from other microorganisms they don’t have cell membranes, and parasitize a wide range of animals and plants, on the surface or inside the cells. Some mycoplasma species of are potentially pathogenic to humans, they compete for nutrients with cells in vitro , cause chromosomal aberrations, interfere with normal cell metabolism. The detection of mycoplasma contamination in cell substrates when manufacturing prophylactic preparations is required by regulatory documents

Social actors and designing the civil society of Eastern Europe

Il volume oubblica le prospettive sui progetti per la societ\ue0 civile nei paesi gi\ue0 socialisti reali. Esso \ue8 diviso in due parti La prima parte analizza il passaggio da "controsistema" a societ\ue0 civile di individui, networks sociali, e movimenti. La seconda parte approfondisce il ruolo degli attori sociali nel progettare una societ\ue0 civil