Superflare G and K Stars and the Lithium abundance

We analyzed here the connection of superflares and the lithium abundance in G and K stars based on Li abundance determinations conducted with the echelle spectra of a full set of 280 stars obtained with the ELODIE spectrograph. For high-active stars we show a definite correlation between $\log A(Li)$ and the chromosphere activity. We show that sets of stars with high Li abundance and having superflares possess common properties. It relates, firstly, to stars with activity saturation. We consider the X-ray data for G, K, and M stars separately, and show that transition from a saturation mode to solar-type activity takes place at values of rotation periods 1.1, 3.3, and 7.2 days for G2, K4 and M3 spectral types, respectively. We discuss bimodal distribution of a number of G and K main-sequence stars versus an axial rotation and location of superflare stars with respect to other Kepler stars. We conclude that superflare G and K stars are mainly fast rotating young objects, but some of them belong to stars with solar-type activity. At the same time, we found a group of G stars with high Li content $(\log A(Li) = 1.5 - 3)$, but being slower rotators with rotation periods > 10 days, which are characterized by low chromospheric activity. This agrees with a large spread in Li abundances in superflare stars. A mechanism leading to this effect is discussed.Comment: 6 pages, 8 figures. The 19th Cambridge Workshop on Cool Stars, Stellar Systems, and the Su

Oxygen profiles in membranes.

AbstractTransmembrane profiles of molecular oxygen in lipid bilayers are not only significant for membrane physiology and pathology, but also are essential to the determination of membrane protein structure by site-directed spin labeling. Oxygen profiles obtained with spin-labeled lipid chains have a Boltzmann sigmoidal dependence on the depth into each lipid leaflet, which represents a two-compartment distribution between outer and inner regions of the membrane, with a transfer free energy that depends linearly on distance from the dividing planes. Transmembrane profiles for intramembrane polarity, and for water penetration into the membrane, have an identical form, but are of the reverse sign. Comparison with recently published oxygen profiles from a site-specifically spin-labeled α-helical transmembrane peptide validates the use of spin-labeled lipids for all these profiles and provides the necessary bridge to generate the full bilayer from a single lipid leaflet