Neonatal exposure to 17β-estradiol down-regulates the expression of synaptogenesis related genes in selected brain regions of adult female rats

Aims Administration of estradiol or compounds with estrogenic activity to newborn female rats results in irreversible masculinization as well as defeminization in the brain and the animals exhibit altered reproductive behavior as adults. The cellular and molecular mechanism involved in inducing the irreversible changes is largely unknown. In the present study, we have monitored the changes in the expression of selected synaptogenesis related genes in the sexually dimorphic brain regions such as POA, hypothalamus and pituitary following 17β-estradiol administration to neonatal female rats. Main methods Female Wistar rats which were administered 17β-estradiol on day 2 and 3 after birth were sacrificed 120 days later and the expression levels of genes implicated in synaptogenesis were monitored by semi-quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Since estradiol induced up-regulation of COX-2 in POA is a marker for estradiol induced masculinization as well as defeminization, in the present study only animals in which the increase in expression of COX-2 gene was observed in POA were included in the study. Key findings Down-regulation of genes such as NMDA-2B, NETRIN-1, BDNF, MT-5 MMP and TNF-α was observed in the pre-optic area of neonatally E2 treated female rat brain but not in hypothalamus and pituitary compared to the vehicle- treated controls as assessed by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. Significance Our results suggest a possibility that down-regulation of genes associated with synaptogenesis in POA, may be resulting in disruption of the cyclical regulation of hormone secretion by pituitary the consequence of which could be infertility and altered reproductive behavior

Neonatal exposure to estradiol-17β modulates tumour necrosis factor alpha and cyclooxygenase-2 expression in brain and also in ovaries of adult female rats

The sexually dimorphic organization in perinatal rat brain is influenced by steroid hormones. Exposure to high levels of estrogen or endocrine-disrupting compounds during perinatal period may perturb this process, resulting in compromised reproductive physiology and behavior as observed in adult In our recent observation neonatal exposure of the female rats to estradiol-17β resulted in down-regulation of TNF-α, up-regulation of COX-2 and increase in SDN-POA size in pre-optic area in the adulthood. It is known that the control of reproductive performance in female involves a complex interplay of the hypothalamus, pituitary, and ovary. The present study was undertaken to understand the possible molecular mechanism involved in changes observed in the ovarian morphology and expression of selected genes in the ovary. Administration of estradiol-17β (100 μg) on day 2 and 3 after birth revealed up-regulation of ER-α, ER-β, COX-2 and down-regulation of TNF-α expression. Also the decrease in the ovarian weight, altered ovarian morphology and changes in the 2D protein profiles were also seen. This is apparently the first report documenting that neonatal estradiol exposure modulates TNF-α and COX-2 expression in the ovary as seen during adult stage. Our results permit us to suggest that cues originating from the modified brain structure due to neonatal exposure of estradiol-17β remodel the ovary at the molecular level in such a way that there is a disharmony in the reproductive function during adulthood and these changes are perennial and can lead to infertility and changes of reproductive behavior

Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using silver nitrate through biotransformation

The development of appropriate processes for the synthesis of nanoparticles is an important aspect of nanotechnology. In the present study, fungus mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Fusarium oxysporum has been investigated. The fungal mat was raised in MGYP broth and were transferred to silver nitrate aqueous solution for 72 hrs and analysed for the appearance of silver nanoparticles. These particles exhibited a new λmax in the visible region as observed from the absorption spectrum. The plasmon peak was observed at 440nm. These nanoparticles were further characterized by FTIR and SEM analysis. There was a shift in peak at 1635 cm-1 when compared to the silver nitrate solution. SEM analysis showed that the silver nanoparticles produced in the present study were of varying morphology and ranged in size from 20-70nm. However further studies regarding EDS, XRD, NMR, TEM, AFM are confirmed to strengthen the present findings. Moreover, size controlled production of silver nanoparticles also confirmed further studies regarding the optimization of the medium and culture conditions

A New Form Of L1-Predictor-Corrector Scheme To Solve Multiple Delay-Type Fractional Order Systems With The Example Of A Neural Network Model

[EN] In this paper, we derive a new version of L1-Predictor-Corrector (L1-PC) method by using some previously given methods (L1-PC for single delay, PC for non-delay, and decomposition algorithm) to solve multiple delay-type fractional differential equations. The Caputo fractional derivative with singular type kernel is used to establish the results. Some important remarks related to the delay term estimation and error analysis are mentioned. In order to check the accuracy and correctness of our method, we solve a neural network system with two delay parameters. A number of graphs are given to justify the role of delays as well as the accuracy of the algorithm. The given method is fully novel and reliable to solve multiple delay type fractional order systems in Caputo sense.M. Murillo-Arcila is supported by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, Project PID2019-105011 GBI00 and by Generalitat Valenciana, Project PROMETEU/2021/070.Kumar, P.; Ertürk, VS.; Murillo-Arcila, M.; Govindaraj V. (2023). A New Form Of L1-Predictor-Corrector Scheme To Solve Multiple Delay-Type Fractional Order Systems With The Example Of A Neural Network Model. Fractals. 31(4):1-13. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218348X2340043111331

Light interception and radiation use efficiency (RUE) in maize (Zea mays. L) intercropping with greengram (Vigna radiata L.)

Intercropping is growing two or more crop species simultaneously, different canopy architectures by row configuration, changing light interception, radiation utilisation, and increased yield. The present study aimed to evaluate different intercropping systems affected light interception per cent and radiation use efficiency in maize (Zea mays L.) intercropping with greengram (Vigna radiata L.) different ratios. Field experiments were conducted for Kharif 2022 and Rabi 2022-2023 seasons, which were laid out in a split-plot design and replicated three times. Three Nitrogen levels viz., N1 - 75 % RDN (Recommended dose of Nitrogen), N2 – 100% RDN, N3-125% RDN had taken as the main plot and three intercropping treatments were taken as subplot viz., M2G2- replacement series (two row of maize and two row of Greengram), M4G2- replacement series (four rows of maize and two row of Greengram), M2G3-paired row system (two rows of maize and three rows of Greengram), and sole maize. Both light interception and radiation use efficiency were significantly affected by intercropping systems. Light interception per cent of the main crop (maize) was significantly higher (69.0, 75.5 and 71.0 % during Kharif and 60.1, 78.1 and 76.6 during rabi) at vegetative, flowering and maturity phases, respectively. The Kharif 2022 and Rabi 2022-2023 maximum Radiation Use Efficiency (RUE) of Maize intercropping with green gram (maize + greengram) was higher in T12 (M2G3 paired row with 125 % Recommended Dose of Nitrogen) recorded as 2.46 (Kharif) and 1.43 (rabi). The outcome might be utilised to optimise the row configuration of intercropping design, explain the mechanism of intercropping on light utilisation, and improve radiation use efficiency

Genomics-Integrated Breeding for Carotenoids and Folates in Staple Cereal Grains to Reduce Malnutrition

Globally, two billion people suffer from micronutrient deficiencies. Cereal grains provide more than 50% of the daily requirement of calories in human diets, but they often fail to provide adequate essential minerals and vitamins. Cereal crop production in developing countries achieved remarkable yield gains through the efforts of the Green Revolution (117% in rice, 30% in wheat, 530% in maize, and 188% in pearl millet). However, modern varieties are often deficient in essential micronutrients compared to traditional varieties and land races. Breeding for nutritional quality in staple cereals is a challenging task; however, biofortification initiatives combined with genomic tools increase the feasibility. Current biofortification breeding activities include improving rice (for zinc), wheat (for zinc), maize (for provitamin A), and pearl millet (for iron and zinc). Biofortification is a sustainable approach to enrich staple cereals with provitamin A, carotenoids, and folates. Significant genetic variation has been found for provitamin A (96–850 mg and 12–1780 mg in 100 g in wheat and maize, respectively), carotenoids (558–6730 mg in maize), and folates in rice (11–51 mg) and wheat (32.3–89.1 mg) in 100 g. This indicates the prospects for biofortification breeding. Several QTLs associated with carotenoids and folates have been identified in major cereals, and the most promising of these are presented here. Breeding for essential nutrition should be a core objective of next-generation crop breeding. This review synthesizes the available literature on folates, provitamin A, and carotenoids in rice, wheat, maize, and pearl millet, including genetic variation, trait discovery, QTL identification, gene introgressions, and the strategy of genomics-assisted biofortification for these traits. Recent evidence shows that genomics-assisted breeding for grain nutrition in rice, wheat, maize, and pearl millet crops have good potential to aid in the alleviation of micronutrient malnutrition in many developing countries

On the ε\varepsilon-regular mild solution for fractional abstract integro-differential equations

In this present paper, we first obtained some estimates involving parts of $\varepsilon$-regular mild solutions of the fractional integro-differential equation. In this sense, through these preliminary results, we investigate the main results of this paper, i.e., the existence, regularity and continuous dependence of $\varepsilon$-regular mild solutions for fractional abstract integro-differential equations in Banach space.Comment: 20 page