Comparison of macromolecular interactions in the cell walls of hardwood, softwood and maize by fluorescence and FTIR spectroscopy, differential polarization laser scanning microscopy and X-ray diffraction

Interactions between macromolecules in the cell walls of different plant origin were compared, namely spruce wood (Picea omorika (PaniA double dagger) PurkiAe) as an example of softwood, maple wood (Acer platanoides L.) as a hardwood and maize stems (Zea mays L.) as a herbaceous plant from the grass family and widely used agricultural plant. Interactions of macromolecules in isolated cell walls from the three species were compared by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and fluorescence spectroscopy. Linear dichroism of the cell walls was observed by using differential polarization laser scanning microscope (DP-LSM), which provides information of macromolecular order. This method has not previously been used for comparison of the cell walls of various plant origins. It was shown that the maize cell walls have higher amount of hydrogen bonds that lead to more regular packing of cellulose molecules, simpler structure of lignin, and a higher crystallinity of the cell wall in relation to the walls of woody plants. DP-LSM and fluorescence spectroscopy results indicate that maize has simpler and more ordered structure than both woody species. The results of this work provide new data for comparison of the cell wall properties that may be important for selection of appropriate plant for possible applications as a source of biomass. This may be a contribution to the development of efficient deconstruction and separation technologies that enable release of sugar and aromatic compounds from the cell wall macromolecular structure

Common barbel (Barbus barbus) as a bioindicator of surface river sediment pollution with Cu and Zn in three rivers of the Danube River Basin in Serbia

River sediments are a major source of metal contamination in aquatic food webs. Due to the ability of metals to move up the food chain, fishes, occupying higher trophic levels, are considered to be good environmental indicators of metal pollution. The aim of this study was to analyze the metal content in tissues of the common barbel (Barbus barbus), a rheophilous cyprinid fish widely distributed in the Danube Basin, in order to find out if it can be used as a bioindicator of the metal content in the river sediment. We analyzed bioavailable concentrations of 15 elements (Al, As, B, Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, and Zn) in sediments of the Danube (D), the Zapadna Morava (ZM), and the JuA3/4na Morava (JM) using the inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The barbel specimens were collected in the proximity of sediment sampling sites for the analysis of metals in four tissues, gills, muscle, intestine, and liver. The sediment analysis indicated that the ZM is the most polluted with Cu, Ni, and Zn compared to other two rivers. The JM had the lowest concentrations of almost all observed elements, while the Danube sediments were mainly characterized by higher concentrations of Pb. The fish from the ZM had the highest concentration of Cu and Ni in the liver and intestine, and of Zn in the muscle tissue, which was in accordance with the concentrations of these metals in the sediment. Scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) was used for further analyses of metal interactions with fish tissues. The results suggest that the barbel can potentially be used as a bioindicator of sediment quality with respect to metal contamination

Sex-specific elemental accumulation and histopathology of pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) from Garaši reservoir (Serbia) with human health risk assessment

Accumulation of 26 elements (Ag, Al, As, B, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Pb, S, Se, Si, Sr, and Zn) was analyzed in the gills, liver, and muscle of pikeperch males and females from Garaši reservoir using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Histopathological (HP) changes in the gills and liver, and human health risk were also analyzed. The gills were most affected by metal pollution in both sexes. The concentrations of Hg in muscle tissue of four males, and Cd in two females and two males exceeded the maximum allowed concentrations. Statistical tests only revealed significant differences regarding the concentrations of Mg, K, and S in the muscle (higher in males) and Al, Ag, and Mn in the liver (higher in females) of individuals between sexes. Low to moderate levels of pathological changes were recorded for the gills and liver in both sexes. Significant differences between sexes were observed for inflammatory index of gills (IGI) and HP index of gills (IG), males had higher values compared to females, and for liver necrosis, where females had higher values compared to males. Gills were less affected by HP changes compared to the liver. There was no significant non-cancerogenic and cancerogenic health risk due to the consumption of pikeperch meat from the Garaši reservoir. However, women are under greater risk by consuming the meat of both male and female individuals, probably due to a longer lifetime and lesser body weight compared to the men

Human Impacts on Fish Fauna in the Danube River in Serbia: Current Status and Ecological Implications

The Danube River basin represents a hotspot for the European freshwater diversity. The Danube in Serbia is characterized by a significant level of fish diversity, as well as by economically important fish resources. However, the Danube fish fauna is facing a number of adverse anthropogenic impacts, such as unsustainable fishery, habitat loss and fragmentation, water pollution and non-native species invasions. In this chapter, the major adverse impacts on the Danube fish communities in Serbia are presented, and the critical management measures are discussed, such as those related to supportive stocking and other conservation efforts. In order to ensure adequate protection and sustainable management of fish resources in the Danube in Serbia, it will be critical to introduce effective monitoring system, to establish and enforce adequate management measures, and to intensify research efforts on critical issues related to fish management and conservation