5,744 research outputs found
Low-carbohydrate diets affect energy balance and fuel homeostasis differentially in lean and obese rats
In parallel with increased prevalence of overweight people in affluent societies are individuals trying to lose weight, often using low-carbohydrate diets. Nevertheless, long-term metabolic consequences of those diets, usually high in (saturated) fat, remain unclear. Therefore, we investigated long-term effects of high-fat diets with different carbohydrate/protein ratios on energy balance and fuel homeostasis in obese (fa/fa) Zucker and lean Wistar rats. Animals were fed high-carbohydrate (HC), high-fat (HsF), or low-carbohydrate, high-fat, high-protein (LC-HsF-HP) diets for 60 days. Both lines fed the LC-HsF-HP diet displayed reduced energy intake compared with those fed the HsF diet (Zucker, -3.7%) or the HC diet (Wistar rats, -12.4%). This was not associated with lower weight gain relative to HC fed rats, because of increased food efficiencies in each line fed HsF and particularly LC-HsF-HP food. Zucker rats were less glucose tolerant than Wistar rats. Lowest glucose tolerances were found in HsF and particularly in LC-HsF-HP-fed animals irrespective of line, but this paralleled reduced plasma adiponectin levels, elevated plasma resistin levels, higher retroperitoneal fat masses, and reduced insulin sensitivity (indexed by insulin-induced hypoglycemia) only in Wistar rats. In Zucker rats, however, improved insulin responses during glucose tolerance testing and tendency toward increased insulin sensitivities were observed with HsF or LC-HsF-HP feeding relative to HC feeding. Thus, despite adverse consequences of LC-HsF diets on blood glucose homeostasis, principal differences exist in the underlying hormonal regulatory mechanisms, which could have benefits for B-cell functioning and insulin action in the obese state but not in the lean state.
Out-of-sample comparison of copula specifications in multivariate density forecasts
We introduce a statistical test for comparing the predictive accuracy of competing copula specifications in multivariate density forecasts, based on the Kullback-Leibler Information Criterion (KLIC). The test is valid under general conditions: in particular it allows for parameter estimation uncertainty and for the copulas to be nested or non-nested. Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate that the proposed test has satisfactory size and power properties in finite samples. Applying the test to daily exchange rate returns of several major currencies against the US dollar we find that the Student's t copula is favored over Gaussian, Gumbel and Clayton copulas. This suggests that these exchange rate returns are characterized by symmetric tail dependence.
Partial Likelihood-Based Scoring Rules for Evaluating Density Forecasts in Tails
We propose new scoring rules based on partial likelihood for assessing the relative out-of-sample predictive accuracy of competing density forecasts over a specific region of interest, such as the left tail in financial risk management. By construction, existing scoring rules based on weighted likelihood or censored normal likelihood favor density forecasts with more probability mass in the given region, rendering predictive accuracy tests biased towards such densities. Our novel partial likelihood-based scoring rules do not suffer from this problem, as illustrated by means of Monte Carlo simulations and an empirical application to daily S\&P 500 index returns.
Consistent treatment of hydrophobicity in protein lattice models accounts for cold denaturation
The hydrophobic effect stabilizes the native structure of proteins by
minimizing the unfavourable interactions between hydrophobic residues and water
through the formation of a hydrophobic core. Here we include the entropic and
enthalpic contributions of the hydrophobic effect explicitly in an implicit
solvent model. This allows us to capture two important effects: a length-scale
dependence and a temperature dependence for the solvation of a hydrophobic
particle. This consistent treatment of the hydrophobic effect explains cold
denaturation and heat capacity measurements of solvated proteins.Comment: Added and corrected references for design procedure in main text (p.
2) and in Supplemental Information (p. 8
Angular analysis of bremsstrahlung in alpha decay
A new quantum electrodynamical method of calculations of bremsstrahlung
spectra in the -decay of heavy nuclei taking into account the angle
between the directions of -particle motion (or its tunneling) and
photon emission is presented. The angular bremsstrahlung spectra for
have been obtained for the first time. According to calculations,
the bremsstrahlung in the -decay of this nucleus depends extremely
weakly on the angle. Taking into account nuclear forces, such dependence is not
changed visibly. An analytical formula of the angular dependence of the
bremsstrahlung spectra is proposed and gives its harmonic behavior. The
extremal values of the angle, at which the bremsstrahlung has maximal and
minimal values, has been found.Comment: 15 pages, 1 file of figure in EPS format, LaTeX v.2e with EPJ style.
In the new variant of the paper: 1) more attention is given to a convergence
problem of computer calculations of the bremsstrahlung spectra; 2) a new
section with inclusion of Woods-Saxon component in construction of the total
realistic -nucleus potential into our model (with our first
brermsstrahlung spectra for at such potential) is included into
the paper; 3) possible ways of further improvement of the quantum-mechanical
models are pointed ou
Where to go in the near future: diverging perspectives on online public service delivery
Although the electronic government is under heavy development, a clear vision doesnât seem to exist. In this study 20 interviews among leaders in the field of e-government in the Netherlands resulted in different perspectives on the future of electronic public service delivery. The interviews revealed different objectives and interpretations of the presuppositions regarding citizensâ desires. Opinions about channel approaches and âtrigger servicesâ appeared to vary. Furthermore, the respondents didnât agree on the number of contact moments between citizen and government, had different opinions about digital skills, pled for various designs of the electronic government and placed the responsibility for electronic service delivery in different hands. Conclusion is that there is a lack of concepts on how to do things. Everybody talks about eGovernment, but all have different interpretations. \u
The social cognition of medical knowledge, with special reference to childhood epilepsy
This paper arose out of an engagement in medical communication courses at a Gulf university. It deploys a theoretical framework derived from a (critical) sociocognitive approach to discourse analysis in order to investigate three aspects of medical discourse relating to childhood epilepsy: the cognitive processes that are entailed in relating different types of medical knowledge to their communicative context; the types of medical knowledge that are constituted in the three different text types analysed; and the relationship between these different types of medical knowledge and the discursive features of each text type. The paper argues that there is a cognitive dimension to the human experience of understanding and talking about one specialized from of medical knowledge. It recommends that texts be studied in medical communication courses not just in terms of their discrete formal features but also critically, in terms of the knowledge which they produce, transmit and reproduce
Model file name: DNA-short-helix.x3d
Model file name: DNA-short-helix.x3d
Authors: Michelle E Howell, Karin van Dijk, Rebecca L Roston
This is a teaching model of a DNA helix in which the atoms are colored by heteroatom (PDB: 1lmb). This model is designed to go with a teaching module comparing DNA and RNA basic structures and functions, and with one that studies transcription factor-DNA binding. The printable model is already uploaded to Shapeways.com in the MacroMolecules shop under the name âDNA helix - polynucleotide moleculeâ. This model has been printed successfully using these parameters on Shapewaysâ binder jetting printer in the Coated Full Color Sandstone material
Model file name: RNA-short-helix.x3d
Model file name: RNA-short-helix.x3d
Authors: Michelle E Howell, Karin van Dijk, Rebecca L Roston
This is a teaching model of a DNA helix in which the atoms are colored by heteroatom (PDB: 1lmb). This model is designed to go with a teaching module comparing DNA and RNA basic structures and functions. The printable model is already uploaded to Shapeways.com in the MacroMolecules shop under the name âRNA helix - polynucleotide moleculeâ. This model has been printed successfully using these parameters on Shapewaysâ binder jetting printer in the Coated Full Color Sandstone material
Model file name: H1-protein.stl
Model file name: H1-protein.stl
Authors: Michelle E Howell, Karin van Dijk, Rebecca L Roston
This is a teaching model of a crude representation of an H1-protein intended to accompany the nucleosome and a long, thin double stranded DNA helix model in order to illustrate DNA packaging and supercoiling. This model is designed to go with a teaching module on DNA supercoiling. The printable model is already uploaded to Shapeways.com in the MacroMolecules shop under the name âHistone H1 proteinâ. This model has been printed successfully using these parameters on Shapewaysâ laser sintering printer in the following materials: Strong & Flexible Plastic, and Stainless Steel
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