14 research outputs found
Drafting a composite indicator of validity for regulatory models and legal systems
The aim of this paper is to lay the groundwork for the creation of a composite indicator of the validity of regulatory systems. The composite nature of the indicator implies a) that its construction is embedded in the long-standing theoretical debate and framework of legal validity; b) that it formally contains other sub-indicators whose occurrence is essential to the determination of validity. The paper suggests, in other words, that validity is a second-degree property, i.e., one that occurs only once the justice, efficiency, effectiveness, and enforceability of the system have been checked
A model for the Statistical Distribution of Road Vehicle Vibrations
This paper presents the initial results of a study
aimed at improving the method by which the vibrations
produced by transport vehicles are characterised and
simulated. More specifically, this paper focuses on the rigid
body vibrations generated by road transport vehicles in the
context of distribution of packaged goods and produce. The
research uses a variety of vibration data, collected from various
vehicle types and routes in Spain and Australia with
high-capacity vibration recorders. Vehicles used range from
small transport vehicles to large truck-trailers with both
airbags and steel spring suspensions while the routes travelled
include suburban streets, main roads and motorways. The
paper discusses the significance and limitations of the average
power spectral density (PSD) and explains why the average
PSD is not always adequate as the sole descriptor of road
vehicle vibrations as the process generally tends to be
non-stationary and non-Gaussian. The paper adopts an
alternative analysis method, based on the statistical
distribution of the moving root-mean-square (RMS) vibrations,
as a supplementary indicator of overall ride quality. The
measured data was used to compute the statistical distribution
of each vibration record, the shape of which was compared for
the entire set of records. The suitability of various
mathematical models, based on the Weibull and Rayleigh
distributions were investigated for describing the probability
distribution function (PDF) of road vehicle vibration RMS time
history. The paper proposes a single mathematical model that
can accurately describe the statistical character of the random
vibrations generated by road vehicles in general. It shows that
the model can also effectively describe the statistical
parameters of the process namely the mean, median, standard
deviation, skewness and kurtosis
Effect of Initial Pre-compression of Corrugated Paperboard Cushions on Shock Attenuation Characteristics in Repetitive Impacts
The use of paper as a cushioning material is motivated by its environmental
advantage over polymeric materials such as expanded polystyrene. Various studies
have been conducted to investigate the capability of corrugated paperboard (CPB)
to act as cushioning materials for protective packaging. The studies have normally
focused on performance of cushions and effects of climatic conditions on the shock
attenuation in the fi rst drop. However, no information is available to show that
CPB can be engineered to produce a cushioning element with good shock
attenuation in repetitive impacts. This study investigates the deterioration of the
shock attenuation characteristics of CPB cushions in consecutive impacts. A series
of cushion-test style experiments on multilayer cushion pads made entirely from
CPB were conducted. Each cushion was fi rst subjected to 20 impacts, followed by
simulated warehousing in a climatic chamber, and then the additional 15 impacts.
The effect of initial pre-compression strain introduced in the process of making
cushion pads is discussed and demonstrated. The performance of cushions was
judged not only by the maximum acceleration of shocks. Entire recorded shock
pulses and calculated corresponding shock response spectra were analysed and are
presented as 3D maps in order to reveal trends that occur when a cushion is
subjected to multiple drops. The paper shows that the level of pre-compression has
an important effect on the degree of deterioration of cushion performance after
multiple drops. As an example, the maximum acceleration for a pad pre-compressed
to 95% strain increased by less than 20% between the 1st and the 35th drop. In
contrast, for 80% pre-compression, the increase was 300%. It was found that the
selection of optimum static stress should be made in conjunction with the expected
number of impacts in order to optimize the cushion performance