Особливості вживання професійного сленгу та жаргону в англомовному медичному дискурсі

У статті розглядаються нестандартна лексика у професійному медичному дискурсі. Розмежовуються поняття «професійний медичний сленг» та «професійний медичний жаргон». Встановлено, що основним способом формування професійного просторіччя є метафоризація. У статті аналізуються основні моделі метафоризації та досліджуються її прагматичні функції. (Discourse plays an important role in medicine, and medical discourse in the broadest sense has profound anthropological significance The article deals with the medical professional jargon and slang formation based on metaphor. The author points out that the main method of the medical slang formation is metaphorization. The main models of metaphorization are analyzed and its pragmatic functions are investigated. We distinguish between two fundamentally different phenomena: expressive vernacular and socio-professional speech. The first layer includes the functional and stylistic categories, combining common slang and colloquialisms because they are intermediate between literary vocabulary and words, beyond language. General professional slang and jargon, and especially medical professional slang and jargon, are characterized by a significant metaphor. The basis of metaphorical transfer may be imposed by the similarity of different parameters such as colour, shape, appearance, time etc. Metaphorically interpreted words take special function in medical parlance. Medical slang and jargon figuratively represent special terms that provide speech emotionally and expressively, and facilitates the perception and understanding of complex medical phenomena. This is the metaphorical transfer, which is based on images of all known since childhood literary characters. Case study in vernacular medical professional discourse made it possible to draw a conclusion about the possibility of differentiation professional slang and jargon, depending on the type of metaphorical transfer function entrusted to their base. It should be noted that the boundaries between the two rather vague and in some cases we can talk about the subjectivity of assessment. In the analysis, we relied on the functional classification of metaphors V.P. Moskvin. We identified the following types: nominative metaphor, which is used to name phenomena; metaphor based on the reinterpretation of terms; estimated metaphor, metaphor as a method of euphemism when internal form serves as a cover. The main pragmatic features that serve the medical vernacular discourse are hidden messages from third-party content; facilitate understanding among professionals that eliminates the need for complex terms in speech. Such lexical units formed from neutral vocabulary of medical terminology or metaphorically interpreted that shows the unity of concepts and images of professional doctors.

Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 and Inflammation in Different Types of Multiple Sclerosis

Different clinical courses of multiple sclerosis, heterogeneity of its clinical implications, different effect of immunomodulatory therapy for the same clinical forms implies various pathogenetic mechanisms of central nervous system damage at this disease. Applicability of immunological and biochemical markers for the estimation of immunocorrecting and anti-inflammatory therapy efficacy is important. This research aims at improvement of pathological process stages diagnostics at multiple sclerosis and further therapy optimization depending on the activity of the inflammatory process. In the article matrix metalloproteinase-9 rate was assessed in 135 patients with multiple sclerosis of different course types and at different activity stages of the pathological process. The highest matrix metalloproteinase-9 rates were in patients with relapsing-remitting type at the stage of exacerbation, with the lowest rate being in patients with primary-progressive multiple sclerosis. Determination of matrix metalloproteinase-9 rate allows to assess the degree of inflammatory process expression and to monitor the efficacy of multiple sclerosis treatment

Influence of intermartensitic transitions on transport properties of Ni2.16Mn0.84Ga alloy

Magnetic, transport, and x-ray diffraction measurements of ferromagnetic shape memory alloy Ni$_{2.16}$Mn$_{0.84}$Ga revealed that this alloy undergoes an intermartensitic transition upon cooling, whereas no such a transition is observed upon subsequent heating. The difference in the modulation of the martensite forming upon cooling from the high-temperature austenitic state [5-layered (5M) martensite], and the martensite forming upon the intermartensitic transition [7-layered (7M) martensite] strongly affects the magnetic and transport properties of the alloy and results in a large thermal hysteresis of the resistivity $\rho$ and magnetization $M$. The intermartensitic transition has an especially marked influence on the transport properties, as is evident from a large difference in the resistivity of the 5M and 7M martensite, $(\rho_{\mathrm{5M}} - \rho_{\mathrm{7M}})/\rho _{\mathrm{5M}} \approx 15$, which is larger than the jump of resistivity at the martensitic transition from the cubic austenitic phase to the monoclinic 5M martensitic phase. We assume that this significant difference in $\rho$ between the martensitic phases is accounted for by nesting features of the Fermi surface. It is also suggested that the nesting hypothesis can explain the uncommon behavior of the resistivity at the martensitic transition, observed in stoichiometric and near-stoichiometric Ni-Mn-Ga alloys.Comment: 7 pages, 6 figures, REVTEX

Strongly nonlinear dynamics of electrolytes in large ac voltages

We study the response of a model micro-electrochemical cell to a large ac voltage of frequency comparable to the inverse cell relaxation time. To bring out the basic physics, we consider the simplest possible model of a symmetric binary electrolyte confined between parallel-plate blocking electrodes, ignoring any transverse instability or fluid flow. We analyze the resulting one-dimensional problem by matched asymptotic expansions in the limit of thin double layers and extend previous work into the strongly nonlinear regime, which is characterized by two novel features - significant salt depletion in the electrolyte near the electrodes and, at very large voltage, the breakdown of the quasi-equilibrium structure of the double layers. The former leads to the prediction of "ac capacitive desalination", since there is a time-averaged transfer of salt from the bulk to the double layers, via oscillating diffusion layers. The latter is associated with transient diffusion limitation, which drives the formation and collapse of space-charge layers, even in the absence of any net Faradaic current through the cell. We also predict that steric effects of finite ion sizes (going beyond dilute solution theory) act to suppress the strongly nonlinear regime in the limit of concentrated electrolytes, ionic liquids and molten salts. Beyond the model problem, our reduced equations for thin double layers, based on uniformly valid matched asymptotic expansions, provide a useful mathematical framework to describe additional nonlinear responses to large ac voltages, such as Faradaic reactions, electro-osmotic instabilities, and induced-charge electrokinetic phenomena.Comment: 30 pages, 17 eps-figures, RevTe