235 research outputs found
Braneworlds with timelike extra-dimension
In this work, we consider a braneworld model with a timelike extra-dimension.
There are strong constraints to the parameter values of such a model resulting
from the claim that there must be a physical solution to the Friedmann equation
at least between now and the time of recombination. We fitted the model to
supernova type Ia data and checked the consistency of the result with other
observations. For parameter values that are consistent with observations, the
braneworld model is indistinguishable from a LambdaCDM universe as far as the
considered cosmological tests are concerned.Comment: 7 pages, 8 figures, matches version accepted by Phys. Rev.
Collimation of Highly Variable Magnetohydrodynamic Disturbances around a Rotating Black Hole
We have studied non-stationary and non-axisymmetric perturbations of a
magnetohydrodynamic accretion onto a rotating (Kerr) black hole. Assuming that
the magnetic field dominates the plasma accretion, we find that the accretion
suffers a large radial acceleration resulting from the Lorentz force, and
becomes highly variable compared with the electromagnetic field there. In fact,
we further find an interesting perturbed structure of the plasma velocity with
a large peak in some narrow region located slightly inside of the
fast-magnetosonic surface. This is due to the concentrated propagation of the
fluid disturbances in the form of fast-magnetosonic waves along the separatrix
surface. If the fast-magnetosonic speed is smaller in the polar regions than in
the equatorial regions, the critical surface has a prolate shape for radial
poloidal field lines. In this case, only the waves that propagate towards the
equator can escape from the super-fast-magnetosonic region and collimate
polewards as they propagate outwards in the sub-fast-magnetosonic regions. We
further discuss the capabilities of such collimated waves in accelerating
particles due to cyclotron resonance in an electron-positron plasma.Comment: 15 pages, 6 postscript figures, LaTe
Magnetospheric Gap and Accumulation of Giant Planets Close to the Star
The bunching of giant planets at a distance of several stellar radii may be
explained by the disruption of the inner part of the disk by the magnetosphere
of the star during the T Tauri stage of evolution. The rotating magnetic field
of the star gives rise to a low density magnetospheric gap where stellar
migration is strongly suppressed. We performed full 3D magnetohydrodynamic
simulations of the disk-magnetosphere interaction and examined conditions for
which the magnetospheric gap is "empty", by changing the misalignment angle
between magnetic and rotational axes of the star, Theta, and by lowering the
adiabatic index gamma, which mocks up the effect of heat conductivity and
cooling. Our simulations show that for a wide range of plausible conditions the
gap is essentially empty. However, in the case of large misalignment angles
Theta, part of the funnel stream is located in the equatorial plane and the gap
is not empty. Furthermore, if the adiabatic index is small (gamma=1.1) and the
rotational and magnetic axes are almost aligned, then matter penetrates through
the magnetosphere due to 3D instabilities forming high-density equatorial
funnels. For these two limits there is appreciable matter density in the
equatorial plane of the disk so that a planet may migrate into the star.Comment: 6 pages, 6 figures, Accepted to the ApJ Letters. See version of the
paper with higher resolution plots at
http://astrosun2.astro.cornell.edu/us-rus/planets.ht
Atomic alignment and Diagnostics of Magnetic Fields in Diffuse Media
We continue our studies of atomic alignment in diffuse media, in
particularly, in interstellar and circumstellar media, with the goal of
developing new diagnostics of magnetic fields in these environments. We
understand atomic alignment as alignment of atoms or ions in their ground
state. Such atoms are sensitive to weak magnetic fields. In particular, we
provide predictions of the polarization that arises from astrophysically
important aligned atoms (ions) with fine structure of the ground level, namely,
OI and SII and Ti II. Unlike our earlier papers which dealt with weak fields
only, a substantial part of our current paper is devoted to the studies of
atomic alignment when magnetic fields get strong enough to affect the emission
from the excited level, i.e. with the regime when the magnetic splitting is
comparable to the line-width. This is a regime of Hanle effect modified by the
atomic alignment. Using an example of emission and absorption lines of SII ion
we demonstrate how polarimetric studies can probe magnetic fields in
circumstellar regions and accretion disks. In addition, we show that atomic
alignment induced by anisotropic radiation can induce substantial variations of
magnetic dipole transitions within the ground state, thus affecting abundance
studies based on this emission. Moreover, the radio emission is polarized,
provides a new way to study magnetic fields, e.g. at the epoch of Universe
reionization.Comment: Minor changes, accepted to Ap
The Axisymmetric Pulsar Magnetosphere
We present, for the first time, the structure of the axisymmetric force-free
magnetosphere of an aligned rotating magnetic dipole, in the case in which
there exists a sufficiently large charge density (whose origin we do not
question) to satisfy the ideal MHD condition, , everywhere.
The unique distribution of electric current along the open magnetic field lines
which is required for the solution to be continuous and smooth is obtained
numerically. With the geometry of the field lines thus determined we compute
the dynamics of the associated MHD wind. The main result is that the
relativistic outflow contained in the magnetosphere is not accelerated to the
extremely relativistic energies required for the flow to generate gamma rays.
We expect that our solution will be useful as the starting point for detailed
studies of pulsar magnetospheres under more general conditions, namely when
either the force-free and/or the ideal MHD condition are not
valid in the entire magnetosphere. Based on our solution, we consider that the
most likely positions of such an occurrence are the polar cap, the crossings of
the zero space charge surface by open field lines, and the return current
boundary, but not the light cylinder.Comment: 15 pages AAS Latex, 5 postscript figure
Locking of the Rotation of Disk-Accreting Magnetized Stars
We investigate the rotational equilibrium state of a disk accreting
magnetized stars using axisymmetric magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations. In
this ``locked'' state, the spin-up torque balances the spin-down torque so that
the net average torque on the star is zero. We investigated two types of
initial conditions, one with a relatively weak stellar magnetic field and a
high coronal density, and the other with a stronger stellar field and a lower
coronal density. We observed that for both initial conditions the rotation of
the star is locked to the rotation of the disk. In the second case, the radial
field lines carry significant angular momentum out of the star. However, this
did not appreciably change the condition for locking of the rotation of the
star. We find that in the equilibrium state the corotation radius is
related to the magnetospheric radius as for
case (1) and for case (2). We estimated periods of
rotation in the equilibrium state for classical T Tauri stars, dwarf novae and
X-ray millisecond pulsars.Comment: 10 pages, 9 figures. Accepted by ApJ, will appear in vol. 634, 2005
December
The role of damped Alfven waves on magnetospheric accretion models of young stars
We examine the role of Alfven wave damping in heating the plasma in the
magnetic funnels of magnetospheric accretion models of young stars. We study
four different damping mechanisms of the Alfven waves: nonlinear, turbulent,
viscous-resistive and collisional. Two different possible origins for the
Alfven waves are discussed: 1) Alfven waves generated at the surface of the
star by the shock produced by the infalling matter; and 2) Alfven waves
generated locally in the funnel by the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability. We find
that, in general, the damping lengths are smaller than the tube length. Since
thermal conduction in the tube is not efficient, Alfven waves generated only at
the star's surface cannot heat the tube to the temperatures necessary to fit
the observations. Only for very low frequency Alfven waves ~10^{-5} the ion
cyclotron frequency, is the viscous-resistive damping length greater than the
tube length. In this case, the Alfven waves produced at the surface of the star
are able to heat the whole tube. Otherwise, local production of Alfven waves is
required to explain the observations. The turbulence level is calculated for
different frequencies for optically thin and thick media. We find that
turbulent velocities varies greatly for different damping mechanisms, reaching
\~100 km s^{-1} for the collisional damping of small frequency waves.Comment: 29 pages, 12 figures, to appear in The Astrophysical Journa
Ultra-Relativistic Magneto-Hydro-Dynamic Jets in the context of Gamma Ray Bursts
We present a detailed numerical study of the dynamics and evolution of
ultrarelativistic magnetohydrodynamic jets in the black hole-disk system under
extreme magnetization conditions. We find that Lorentz factors of up to 3000
are achieved and derived a modifiedMichel scaling (Gamma ~ sigma) which allows
for a wide variation in the flow Lorentz factor. Pending contamination induced
by mass-entrainment, the linear Michel scaling links modulations in the
ultrarelativistic wind to variations in mass accretion in the disk for a given
magnetization. The jet is asymptotically dominated by the toroidal magnetic
field allowing for efficient collimation. We discuss our solutions (jets) in
the context of Gamma ray bursts and describe the relevant features such as the
high variability in the Lorentz factor and how high collimation angles (~ 0-5
degrees), or cylindrical jets, can be achieved. We isolate a jet instability
mechanism we refer to as the "bottle-neck" instability which essentially relies
on a high magnetization and a recollimation of the magnetic flux surfaces. The
instability occurs at large radii where any dissipation of the magnetic energy
into radiation would in principle result in an optically thin emission.Comment: 31 pages, 6 figures. Submitted to ApJ. Higher Quality figures at
http://www.capca.ucalgary.ca/paper
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