Towards Computing Inferences from English News Headlines

Newspapers are a popular form of written discourse, read by many people, thanks to the novelty of the information provided by the news content in it. A headline is the most widely read part of any newspaper due to its appearance in a bigger font and sometimes in colour print. In this paper, we suggest and implement a method for computing inferences from English news headlines, excluding the information from the context in which the headlines appear. This method attempts to generate the possible assumptions a reader formulates in mind upon reading a fresh headline. The generated inferences could be useful for assessing the impact of the news headline on readers including children. The understandability of the current state of social affairs depends greatly on the assimilation of the headlines. As the inferences that are independent of the context depend mainly on the syntax of the headline, dependency trees of headlines are used in this approach, to find the syntactical structure of the headlines and to compute inferences out of them.Comment: PACLING 2019 Long paper, 15 page

Thermodynamic Tree: The Space of Admissible Paths

Is a spontaneous transition from a state x to a state y allowed by thermodynamics? Such a question arises often in chemical thermodynamics and kinetics. We ask the more formal question: is there a continuous path between these states, along which the conservation laws hold, the concentrations remain non-negative and the relevant thermodynamic potential G (Gibbs energy, for example) monotonically decreases? The obvious necessary condition, G(x)\geq G(y), is not sufficient, and we construct the necessary and sufficient conditions. For example, it is impossible to overstep the equilibrium in 1-dimensional (1D) systems (with n components and n-1 conservation laws). The system cannot come from a state x to a state y if they are on the opposite sides of the equilibrium even if G(x) > G(y). We find the general multidimensional analogue of this 1D rule and constructively solve the problem of the thermodynamically admissible transitions. We study dynamical systems, which are given in a positively invariant convex polyhedron D and have a convex Lyapunov function G. An admissible path is a continuous curve along which $G$ does not increase. For x,y from D, x\geq y (x precedes y) if there exists an admissible path from x to y and x \sim y if x\geq y and y\geq x. The tree of G in D is a quotient space D/~. We provide an algorithm for the construction of this tree. In this algorithm, the restriction of G onto the 1-skeleton of $D$ (the union of edges) is used. The problem of existence of admissible paths between states is solved constructively. The regions attainable by the admissible paths are described.Comment: Extended version, 31 page, 9 figures, 69 cited references, many minor correction

Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscope Combined with Digital Holography for Three-Dimensional Electromagnetic Field Reconstruction

International audienceNear-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) has proven to be a very powerful imaging technique that allows overcoming the diffraction limit and obtaining information on a scale much smaller than what can be achieved by classical optical imaging techniques. This is achieved using nanosized probes that are placed in close proximity to the sample surface, and thus allow the detection of evanescent waves that contain important information about the properties of the sample on a subwavelength scale. In particular, some aperture-based probes use a nanometer-sized hole to locally illuminate the sample. The far-field radiation of such probes is essential to their imaging properties, but cannot be easily estimated since it highly depends on the environment with which it interacts. In this chapter, we tackle this problem by introducing a microscopy method based on full-field off-axis digital holography that allows us to study in details the three-dimensional electromagnetic field scattered by a NSOM probe in different environments. We start by describing the NSOM and holography techniques independently, and continue by highlighting the advantage of combining both methods. We present a comparative study of the reconstructed light from a NSOM tip located in free space or coupled to transparent and plasmonic media. While far-field methods, such as back focal plane imaging, can be used to infer the directionality of angular radiation patterns, the advantage of our technique is that a single hologram contains information on both the amplitude and phase of the scattered light, allowing to reverse numerically the propagation of the electromagnetic field towards the source. We also present Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) simulations to model the radiation of the NSOM tip as a superposition of a magnetic and an electric dipole. We finally propose some promising applications that could be performed with this combined NSOM-holography technique

Pas d'adoption plénière de l'enfant de la concubine

International audience(Civ. 1re, 28 févr. 2018, n° 17-11.069, D. 2018. 509 ; ibid. 1083, point de vue H. Fulchiron ; AJ fam. 2018. 226, obs. M. Saulier ; Gaz. Pal. 2018, n° 12, p. 27, obs. P. Le Maijat ; Dr. fam. 2018, n° 5, comm. 131, obs. A. Molière

PhysEth1107004KronrodLO.fm

Abstract-We model the internal structure of the Moon, initially homogeneous and later differentiated due to partial melting. The chemical composition and the internal structure of the Moon are retrieved by the Monte Carlo inversion of the gravity (the mass and the moment of inertia), seismic (compressional and shear velocities), and petrological (balance equations) data. For the computation of phase equilibrium relations and physical properties, we have used a method of minimization of the Gibbs free energy combined with a Mie Gr@uneisen equation of state within the CaO FeO MgO Al 2 O 3 -SiO 2 system. The lunar models with a different degree of constraints on the solution are considered. For all models, the geophysically and geochemically permissible ranges of seismic velocities and concentrations in three mantle zones and the sizes of Fe 10%S core are estimated. The lunar mantle is chemically stratified; different mantle zones, where orthopyroxene is the dominant phase, have different concentrations of FeO, Al 2 O 3 , and CaO. The silicate portion of the Moon (crust + mantle) may contain 3.5-5.5% Al 2 O 3 and 10.5-12.5% FeO. The chemical boundary between the middle and the lower mantle lies at a depth of 620-750 km. The lunar models with and without a chemical boundary at a depth of 250-300 km are both possible. The main parameters of the crust, the mantle, and the core of the Moon are estimated. At the depths of the lower mantle, the P and S velocities range from 7.88 to 8.10 km/s and from 4.40 to 4.55 km/s, respectively. The radius of a Fe 10%S core is 340 ± 30 km. In the present work, we suggest a new model of the constitution and internal structure of the Moon. This model is based on the hypothesis of the magma ocean; it involves modern mathematical processing of the P and S travel time data Keywords PETROLOGICAL AND GEOPHYSICAL CONSTRAINTS Models of the Magma Ocean The early differentiation of the Moon with the for mation of the continental feldspar crust, which has a thickness of about 50-60 km and ~25% Al 2 O 3 , as well as the age of the lunar rocks, have motivated the hypothesis of the Magma Ocean. The latter is com monly understood as the outer lunar shell, which had undergone partial melting By analyzing the thermoelastic stresses, Solomon [1986] showed that there is no tectonic evidence for a large scale expansion or compression of the Moon over the past four billion years (after a period of its intense bombardment). He estimated the lunar radius to have been changed by about a kilometer, which dis agrees with the concept of extensive melting. The set of petrological, geochemical, and geophysical data offers no reasons to believe that the Moon had ever been totally molten and formed a continuous magma ocean. This is also supported by the lunar asymmetry (the center of figure of the Moon is offset by 2 km from the center of mass). By analyzing the volumetric effects of differentiation of the Moon, The melting depth of 500-600 km well agrees with the experimental data on the crystallization of lunar basalts and green and picrite glass [Ringwood and Ess ene, 1970; Some information on the thickness of MO can be inferred from the geophysical data. The results of the Apollo mission infer that one or a few seismic bound aries exist in the mantle at a depth of 400-750 km In our works Seismic Data The seismic data are a kind of the Rosetta Stone for understanding the internal structure of the Moon. Processing the data obtained in the experiment that lasted for eight years (1969)(1970)(1971)(1972)(1973)(1974)(1975)(1976)(1977) and included seis mic measurements at four landing sites of Apollo 12, 14, 15, and 16 missions revealed the seismic structure of the lunar interiors shown in The mathematical processing of travel times of P and S waves suggests a zonal structure of the lunar mantle